VOLUME 3, ISSUE 7, JULY 2016

Abstract: The presence of coli forms in food has been used as indicator of the sanitary condition of food as well as the working area used in the preparation or manufacture of food products. However, the subsequent evaluation should be dealt with on a case-to-case basis. It could be seen from the data that the collected vegetables contained coli forms ranging from 100 to 220 per gram. This shows that there is a high possibility that the samples have been contaminated by fecal coli forms and so are not fit for human consumption. But then one has to understand that there are other sources of coli forms in vegetables so that it does not necessarily mean that the vegetables are not fit for human consumption. A high coli form content should merit further examinations and investigations as to the sources of coli forms in the vegetables. In this study, it is important to note that the number of coli forms does not depend on which shop is examined but it depends on the type of vegetables. This is an indication of similarities in the handling of a particular type of vegetables. It shows also that the vegetables are coming from the same source. The nature of the vegetables is also important, for example, leafy vegetables will have more coli forms since the leaves may be a good environment for the growth and preservation of bacteria.

Keywords: coli forms, vegetable salads, pathogen

Abstract: Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) as a new concept originated at mid nineties and principally it had to take a long-term change in management perspective to adopt the unacceptable of past. In traditional project management language, the structure of a critical chain is similar to that of a "resource constrained critical path." Thus CCPM has been based and developed on the principles of Theory of Constraints (TOC). One of the main challenges of the CCPM is the adequate sizing of the time buffers. If the buffers were dimensioned beyond the necessary size, immediate practical implications happen. On the other hand, if buffers were underestimated it may increase the probability of duration overruns, which can represent financial penalties and reliable loss from the part of the customer or market. This paper is an attempt to apply the concepts and to explore the advantages of application of CCPM to a complex mega infrastructure project like construction of an elevated corridor for metro rail operations and also to compute the buffer size by some of the available methods. According to the sample analysis, it has been observed that the 'Sum of Squares Method' gives the maximum size of the buffer and the '50% method' gives the minimum buffer size. Also application of CCPM may result in a reduction of the over all duration of the project by about 3%.

Keywords: Critical chain project management; Theory of constraints; Metro rail construction; Buffer sizing.

Abstract: The present review paper focus on the design and thermal analysis of rectangular fin array with perforation and without perforation. Recently the fins are commonly used to increase the heat transfer rate between the surrounding fluid and surfaces in heat exchange appliances. Various fin geometries available with different shape, size and perforation; in this paper we use the rectangular fins having different percentage of perforation such that plane, 10%, 20% and 30% of perforation. The effect of percentage of perforation on the rectangular perforated fin array by natural convection with constant heat capacity. To observe the total heat flux and temperature distribution of fin array with and without perforation by using the finite element method

Keywords: Perforation, Fins, Steady state, Natural convection

Abstract: Image retrieval is a way of recognizing pre-defined template patterns in the reference images. This technique has been developed rapidly over the past few decades and its applications have been extended to the fields such as face recognition, pulmonary nodules detection, handwriting identification and road detection. Image retrieval is a fundamental issue in pattern recognition. In this work, lateral inhibition (LI) model is adopted as a pre-processing step, which widens the gray level gradients so as to facilitate the subsequent image retrieval scheme. Regarding the search process for perfect geometric transformations that yield a perfect match between the test image and the predefined template, we consider utilizing meta heuristic algorithms, aiming to efficiently promote the probability to obtain global optimums. The artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is a bio-inspired optimization technique, which assimilates the foraging behavior of honey bee swarms. It is well known that the algorithm is good at exploration but poor at exploitation. ABC is a swarm intelligence algorithm inspired by the forging behavior of bees. In this algorithm, the employed bees, the onlooker bees, and the scout bees cooperate to search for the optimal nectar source in the space. We present a balance-evolution artificial bee colony (BE-ABC) algorithm that aims to strike a balance between exploration and exploitation rather than just focusing on improving the latter. This BE-ABC algorithm utilizes convergence information during the optimization process to Manipulate its search intensity in the exploration and exploitation phases. Besides that, it incorporates an overall degradation procedure for generating scout bees so as to efficiently prevent premature convergence. Experimental results confirm that BE-ABC algorithm is more capable than several state-of-the-art intelligent algorithms in this LI-based image retrieval scheme. Besides, investigations are also made on the advantages and limitations of this LI model.

Keywords: pulmonary nodules detection, handwriting identification and road detection, balance-evolution artificial bee colony (BE-ABC) algorithm.

Abstract: This paper examined the variability which occurs in key parameters like pH, temperature, moisture content, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, odour, color etc. during the 30 days regular monitoring of composting process. 5 kg of municipal solid waste, old compost, straw and soil, was mixed with 5%, 10%, 15% of gomutra of 3 kg municipal solid waste for composting. Composting was done by using 16th buckets model composter made up with proper aeration and drainage facility and was kept in semi sun rays condition. pH ranging 7.6 to 8.9 in the first phase, Temperature rise from the first day of process and become 55°C on 18 day. Moisture content in compost was unstable throughout the process due to changing microbial population. The NPK content of final compost are find out .After finding the results of NPK obtained from composting treatment given to MSW and Gomutra are indicate that combined composting are an attractive method for management of municipal solid waste.

Keywords: Municipal solid waste, Gomutra, Composting, Key parameters

Abstract: : The present study deals with the exploration, identification, documentation and ethnobotanical aspects with respect to food value of wild edible plants consumed by aboriginals from Gadchiroli District of Maharashtra State-India. The Forest adjoin is of dry deciduous to moist deciduous type. The prominent tribes in Gadchiroli District are Raj Gond, Gond, Madia, Pardhan and Kanwar, etc. and other than these tribes the large population is scheduled caste and other backward cast and nomadic tribes which are dwelling on this land since ancient time and no such investigation has been undertaken in this District. Investigation results in 61 plant species of 40 families consumed as food during various situations.

Keywords: Gadchiroli, Wild edibles, Tribal, Aboriginal, Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge.

Abstract: In wireless sensor networks (WSNs) the goal of Compressive sensing (CS) will cut back the variety of information transmissions and balance the traffic load throughout networks. But total number of transmissions for information assortment by victimisation pure CS is still massive. The hybrid method of victimisation cs was proposed to cut back the amount of transmissions in sensor networks. In the literature major work was done over CS technique is predicated on routing trees. Therefore, this permits us to proposed new cluster based mostly technique that uses hybrid CS for sensor networks with goal of raising the transmission performance and energy efficiency. The sensor nodes are organized into clusters. Within a cluster, nodes transmit data to cluster head (CH) while not victimisation CS. CHs use CS to transmit information to sink. We 1st propose an analytical model that studies the relationship between the scale of clusters and range of transmissions within the hybrid cs technique, aiming at finding the optimal size of clusters that will result in minimum range of transmissions. Then, we propose a centralized cluster algorithm based mostly on the results obtained from the analytical model. Finally, we present a distributed implementation of the cluster technique. In this project, we additionally are that specialize in rising the performance of energy consumption and WSN security victimisation recent Secure and efficient information transmission (SET) technique.

Keywords: Wireless sensor networks, clustering, compressive sensing, data collection

Abstract: Erosion wear is a serious problem for slurry transportation and slurry handling equipment's. It plays an important role in design and operational conditions of slurry transportation system. This paper shows the experimental investigation of weight loss in copper material due to solid-liquid (slurry) impact by using different operating conditions and the validation of the readings using regression and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference system (ANFIS). For the experimental investigation, Jet Erosion pot tester is fabricated by using propeller for uniform distribution. Special arrangement is made for angular movement of test carrying fixture in which it can move from 15° to 90°. Different experiments are carried on copper material for repeatability. For experimental study, different parameters like solid-liquid (slurry) concentration, particle size, variable angles (from15° to 90°) and time variable are used. These experimental repeatability readings are then validated by using Regression analysis and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference system (ANFIS). During this, it is observed that the erosion wear of copper (Ductile material) is maximum at 30° and also the percentage of accuracy in ANFIS is better than regression analysis.

Keywords: Erosion wear, Slurry containing Pot tester, Slurry flow, Repeatability, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, Regression.

Abstract: With the increasing energy demand annually for Delhi , Solar PV has become a reliable option for electricity generation power deficient state which purchase major share of its power requirement from other starts at higher prices. Also increasing pollution levels has also forced Delhi government to aggressively promote solar power plant especially rooftop segment keeping in view the shortage of land and its relatively higher prices. In this paper the rooftop Solar PV system of 432 KWp has been designed for Delhi Technological University to the reduce grid dependence based on fossil fuels. The main work of this paper involves detailed designing of the Solar system along with array configuration, Mounting Structure, Shadow analysis and economic feasibility. At the end decision is made to install solar rooftop project based on techno-economic feasibly study carried out for DTU PV power plant.

Keywords: Solar PV, Delhi Technological University, 432 KWp, DTU PV power plant.

Abstract: A solar roadway is a road surface that generates electricity by solar panels and LED signage that can be driven on. It generates electricity by solar power photovoltaic cells. Each solar road panel (roughly 3.658m x 3.658 m) interlinks with neighbouring panels to form the solar roadways system. This concept is used to replace highways, roads, parking lots, driveways and sidewalks with such system. The energy generated by solar road panels will replace the current need of fossil fuel with little extra cost.

Keywords: Solar panels, solar roadways, photovoltaic cells.

Abstract: Jet erosion is normally used to study the relative erosion behaviour of different material at moderate solid concentration, velocity, and particle size and impact angle. A slurry pot is then fabricated by inserting propeller from the bottom of the cylinder and is rotated at the speed required for uniform distribution. The test specimens are then mounted on test fixture which is fixed and has a provision to move in different angular position to find out the wear for different angles. Erosion of materials is occurs due to the impact of high velocity of slurry which is comes out from the nozzle and impacting on the test specimen. Different experiments were conducted for repeatability test by using parameters such as particle size distribution, solid-liquid concentration, variable angles (from150 to 900) and time variables. The results were obtained for Cast Iron (brittle material) by using above specified parameters. In this project the experimental results are validates by using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Regression analysis. It is observed that the erosion wear prediction of cast iron material with Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference system (ANFIS) using triangular membership function is better than Regression Analysis.

Keywords: Jet Erosion tester, Nozzle, Slurry erosion, Repeatability, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, Regression.

Abstract: This paper presents a close loop three stages Electronic Ballast for Metal Halide (MH) High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps. Normally Electronic Ballast consists of power factor correction stage to achieve unity power factor, buck converter to lower the input voltage according to lamp requirement and half bridge inverter to supply the lamp with high frequency sinusoidal voltage and current. LCC resonant tank is used to provide the ignition and normal running requirements of lamp. Since MH lamps are categorised under high intensity discharge lamps, no of electrons in discharge tube reduces as lamp becomes older and lamp resistance increases ultimately. This variation in lamp resistance will affect the lamp power very much that draws the safety issue for end user. To overcome this problem a close loop design of Electronic Ballast is proposed in this paper. So aging protected electronic ballast is modelled ultimately. Proposed circuit is verified with analytical and simulation results.

Keywords: Metal Halide Lamp, Power Electronics Converter, Controller, PSIM.

Abstract: Recently, one of the active research areas in agriculture productivity and quality of a crop.During the past decades, dramatic improvement of agriculture which plays a vital role in improving economic status have been achieved in all over the world considerably. The innovative technology approachis being advocated, particularly farmers in less favorable. The main concept of the work helps to improve productivity and sustainable agriculture using low external inputs, and also less harmful to nature recourses. The goal of this research is to develop an image recognition system that can recognize thewheat disease. To automate these activities, like texture. Color and shape, disease recognition system is feasible. The work concentrated on Triticum Aestivum (Wheat) disease detection by digital image processing. This is the novel approach of disease detection in wheat instead of many different disease detection techniques have been proposed for the wheat crops. The obtained image can be processed by using LabVIEW. The results are analyzed also evaluated through classification techniques. The results, which we have achieved, are more useful and they prove to be helpful for formers during the cultivation of wheat, a major food crop in the world.

Keywords: Color, texture, shape, Threshold image, LabVIEW, Digital image processing and precision agriculture

Abstract: Crowded points or location is a crowded area with multiple number of object. Identify the crowdedness spots are required to control traffic in cities. In cities it's very important to detect crowdedness spots. In case of moving vehicles in cities, it's absolutely required to detect or identify the crowded areas for too many smart cities applications. While investigating practically on crowdedness spots in smart cities, it's offering many features like highly mobile environments, the uneven biased samples and limited size of sample objects. Traditional way "density based clustering" flop to achieve actual clustering object and making the output illogical. Mobility based clustering is non-density based approach using which sample objects are hired as "sensors" to recognize crowded spots in nearby areas using mobility rather than object representation. Multiple important factors beyond the vehicle crowdedness have been identified and techniques to rewards these effects are proposed. This paper is mainly concentrate to find out how much crowdedness in an area using different methods. Technologies used to find out the crowded spots are GPS System, speedometer, radio waves etc. Different methods are used as density based clustering algorithms. Mobility based clustering, UMicro etc. Today clustering of moving object is high supporting/researching topic.

Keywords: Mobility based clustering, Data mining, traffic detection, vehicles, crowded spots, intelligent transportation system, vehicular and wireless technologies.

Abstract: Image edge is the most basic feature of image. The edge is the set of pixels which has step change in pixel gray value. Image edge reflects most of the image information. Therefore, edge detection is an important part of image processing. The review has shown that the still much improvements can be done in the edge detection. Most of the classical edge detection methods take operation on the neighbor region pixels, and obtain the gradient with templates approximation, such as Robert, Sobel, and Prewitt, which are relatively simple and easy to implement, and have good real-time performance, but these operators are sensitive to noise, poor anti-interference performance. In order to overcome the limitations of the earlier work a new approach has been proposed for color images using L*A*B color model, color gradients, particle swarm optimization based improved canny edge detector i.e. L*A*B based Canny. The L*A*B color space has ability to efficiently reflect the difference in human eye and color sensation. Color based edge detection has 10 % more potential edges than the gray one. The particle swarm optimization based edge detection can successfully reduce the poor speed issue with ant colony optimization. The color based gradients has the ability to remove the effect of the false edges while preserving the potential edges.

Keywords: Pixels; Detection; Particle swarm optimization; canny edge detector; Gradient.

Abstract: Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in nature and constitutes a large pool of carbon source for the microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of organic matter in soil. Earthworms influence this decomposition by enhancing the structure and dynamics of the microbial population inside their gut as an efficient bioreactor. The assessment of cellulolytic activity in the microbes isolated from the mid-gut of the popular composting earthworm, Eisenia fetida (Redworm), revealed the bacterial community is responsible for the breakdown of cellulose and thereby decomposition of organic matter by this earthworm. The bacterial counts for viable microorganisms were made in the mid-gut section of Eisenia fetida collected from vermicomposting unit. The number of bacteria present in the mid gut identified by standard plate count technique. Based on the morphological characteristics of colony, 3 cultures were raised. They were further screened for their cellulolytic activity in modified czapex-dox agar. Out of 3 cultures, only 2 cultures proved to be cellulolytic. Carboxy methyl cellulase assay was then performed to find out the most efficient cellulase producers. Accordingly, the culture designated as Cdb1 produced 26.041 ± 14.062 IU/ml and the culture designated as Cdb2 produced 47.800 ± 25.812 IU/ml of CMCase 0.1% substrate in 72hours at 37°C and at pH 7.

Keywords: Bacterial enzyme, Cellulose, Carboxy methyl cellulose, Earthworm Eisenia fetida.

Abstract: This research paper describes a novel method in which analysis of the ElectroCardioGraphy (ECG) signals is done using the hybrid classifier. As it is an already known fact that ECG signals are used by doctors to diagnose the heart activity of the subject and on the basis of knowledge about its peaks, treatment of the disease is done. Hence, the purpose of this research work is to identify the Normal, Apnea, Ischemia and Tachycardia signals using the method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Neuro-Fuzzy classifier. PCA algorithm is used to extract the relevant information from the ECG input dataset which are their P-QRS-T parameters values. Then the extracted features data is analyzed and classified using the hybrid of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic classifiers i.e. Neuro-Fuzzy classifier. Then these classification results are compared and observed a good accuracy of around 96% in the classification.

Keywords: ANN, ECG, Fuzzy, Neuro-Fuzzy, PCA.

Abstract: In this work, it reviews on the concept of node Relocalization in sensor network using embedded controller. It proposes mobility based dynamic reconfiguration system in WSN. The main objective is to reduce the localization error in the system. By providing access for the user to construct different virtual fields, proposed protocol accomplishes the goal of meeting the need of different applications and different network conditions. In this work, an environmental data collection scenario is taken. In this, all nodes are in dynamic nature and moves randomly. All nodes are communicating with each other as well as from head nodes. There is a direct communication between head & nodes. It provides a multi-hop routing based on shortest path in wireless networks. It provides a complete path with the loss of some packets. In this, it also provides a direct communication between head & nodes without any packet loss. All scenarios will be implemented with the help of MATLAB tool.

Keywords: WSN; routing protocol; dynamic reconfiguration, node Relocalization etc.

Abstract: High-speed wireless optical communication links have become more popular for personal mobile applications. This is a consequence of the increasing demand from the personal information service boom. Compared to the radio frequency domain, optical wireless communication offers much higher speeds and bit rates per unit power consumption. This work presents the use of wavelet transform and artificial neural network as elements of optical wireless communication receiver. Indoor wireless links usually have to operate in presence of noise generated by light sources. The work uses the MATLAB tool for providing effects of Inter-symbol Interference and light interference on this receiver. In this, modulation technique OOK is used. The performance of this system is analyzed based on BER value.

Keywords: Artificial neural network (ANN), optical wireless communication (OWC), wavelet transform, survey papers.

Abstract: This paper proposes an effective method with simple technique, to evaluate bump steer and brake steer using ADAMS analysis, Vehicle drift has been reviewed. The Suspension and steering system is to be modelled using Kinematic software ADAMS and analysed for bump and brake steer. The Same characteristics are to be derived experimentally by testing on actual prototype. These characteristics are dependent on number of parameters, which can be optimized by ADAMS. It saves actual design, development, testing cost and time. The focus of project is to optimize only steering linkages and hard points to avoid major changes in adjacent Carryover aggregates such as suspension, axles etc. The New development of adjacent Aggregates is costly and time consuming. The different steering linkage concepts are to be proposed within available packaging Constraints and best suitable concept is to be optimized using ADAMS

Keywords: ADAMS, BUMP STEER, BRAKE STEER, FLOAT, DRIFT

Abstract: This paper deals with the accurate recognition of aircrafts in satellite images using feature extraction and classification algorithms. Automatic recognition of an aircraft is a tough task. In previous recognition method, direction estimation technique was used to bring the aircraft into same direction, and the recognition was done by converting the recognition process into reconstruction process. Jigsaw algorithm was used in this reconstruction process. The major drawback of this method is that it has less accuracy while in recognition due to it's pixel to pixel matching process it also affected by noise. In order to improve the accuracy, noise components was removed by means of PCA algorihm, DWT and FDCT techniques were used for segmentation. Then the feature values of segmented images are get extracted using GLCM matrix. Recoganition of aircraft was done by comparing the feature values of input images with data base images using Probablistic Nueral Network (PNN), finally performance metrics was analyzed with the help of OTSU method. Experiments were done on more number images, it reveals that the suggested method got 96.15% of accuracy.

Keywords: Aircraft recognition, PCA algoritm, Feature extraxtion, Segmentation, Classification algorithm.

Abstract: The tool wear is measured by using a Profile Projector PP-200. In this indirect measurement technique the tools wear parameters are cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. In addition to that software computer techniques adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is applied for Modelling prediction. The objective of this study is also to correlate flank wear in regression and compare with ANFIS in prediction studies. The proposed model is for prediction of flank wear of the mild steel work piece. The machining experiments are performed under various cutting conditions using Cutting speed, Feed and Depth of Cut. The flank wear is measured. It is also observed that the flank wear prediction accuracy of Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system using trapezoidal membership function is better than regression analysis. The flank wear prediction accuracy with ANFIS is 87.87% as input parameters are cutting speed, feed and depth of cut.

Keywords: Turning, ANFIS, Regression, Flank Wear, Crater Wear.

Abstract: Now days, Due to faster development in the mobile technology and mobile devices, the applications that is mobile apps are being very interesting and well-known concept in this field. As there is large number of mobile Apps, ranking fraud is the key challenge in front of the mobile App market. Ranking fraud is the term used for referring to fraudulent or suspicious activities which have intention of boosting up the Apps in the popularity list. In fact, App developers are using tricky means more and more frequently for increasing their Apps' sales or posting fake App ratings. Thus the need for preventing ranking fraud has been widely realized. This paper proposes a system for mobile apps in order to ranking fraud detection. The proposed system mines the leading sessions of mobile apps to precisely locate the ranking fraud. Additionally, system finds ranking, rating and review behaviors and investigation of three types of evidences, they are ranking based evidences, rating based evidences and review based evidences is done. Then, we propose an aggregation method based on optimization to combine all the evidences for fraud detection. Finally, the proposed system will be measured with App data collected from the App Store for a long time period.

Keywords: Mobile Apps, ranking fraud detection, evidence aggregation, historical ranking records, rating and review.

Abstract: Object oriented design is a template to solve a problem that can be used in many different applications. For the design of a new application, a large amount of code can be reused by the existing design patterns. Therefore, it becomes necessary to identify the similar design structures. One of the frequently used algorithms for finding identical structures is Markov Clustering (MCL), that works well when the clusters are small in diameter, but for large clusters, there is a possibility that the weakly connected components may overlap. To remove overlapping, authors adopted and modified the existing MCL approach and thus proposed the new graph partitioning approach named as Unfolding and Boosting-based Graph Partitioning Algorithm (UB-GPA), that will result in an inconsistent set of uni-class clusters. The algorithm interprets the clusters/partitions by an iterative process of unfolding and boosting operations. Experimental results show that the proposed UB-GPA performs well as compared with MCL.

Keywords: software design models; reusability; identical design structures; software clustering; graph partitioning.

Abstract: Home security and control is one of the basic needs of mankind from early days. But today it has to be updated with the rapidly changing technology to ensure vast coverage, remote control, reliability, and real time operation. Deploying wireless technologies for security and control in home automation systems offers attractive benefits along with user friendly interface. In this paper, implementation of a novel security and control system for home automation is presented. The proposed system consists of a control console interfaced with different sensors using ZigBee. Suspected activities are conveyed to remote user through SMS (Short Message Service) or Call using GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) technology. Upon reply, the remote user can control his premises again through GSM-ZigBee combination. Besides, traditional burglar alarm enhances security in case of no acknowledgment from remote user. This system offers a low cost, low power consumption and user friendly way of a reliable portable monitoring and control of the secured environment. Using the concept of serial communication and mobile phone AT-commands (Attention Telephone/Terminal commands), the software is programmed using C-language. The design has been implemented in the hardware using ZigBee EM357 module, Atmega128 MCU (microcontroller unit) and Sony Ericsson T290i mobile phone set.

Keywords: ARM 7 LPC 2138, Zig-Bee Module, GSM Modem, Sensors, Relay.

Abstract: Asthma is one of the widespread chronic diseases. Firstly, the medical background of asthma is given. Pathology and symptoms are presented. Asthma is a chronic condition that mostly affects adolescents. It is a condition that requires continuous monitoring of the symptoms in order to provide an effective course of treatment. It also requires a strict adherence to medication prescribed by the physician. However, the aim of this study is to develop a system, which is based on a periodical data collected by the different sensors. There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by monitoring factors which can trigger asthma attack. So it is very much needed that there should be a system which can monitor air parameter on regular basis and warn the patient when these factor can trigger their asthma attack.

Keywords: wireless sensors networks, air quality, asthma assessment, ZigBee.

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to design a area efficient and high speed floating-point (FP) butterfly architecture for a signal processing applications. The butterfly architectures used in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms. Most of the butterfly architectures uses fixed point arithmetic than the FP arithmetic because of lesser speed but main advantage is the high dynamic range. The limitation of FP arithmetic is overcome by using a FDPA unit but it consume more area. This draw back overcome by using a Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm. In this paper we propose a CORDIC Multiplier based redundant floating point butterfly architecture for a signal processing applications. The proposed work synthesis is carried out by using XILINX ISE synthesis tool on the XILINX 14.7 platform and simulated using Model Sim simulator. The performance of this design is evaluated on XILINX Spartan3 family device.

Keywords: CORDIC algorithm, FDPA unit, Floating-point, Fixed -point

Abstract: Super capacitors have recently emerged as efficient energy storage devices. Unlike batteries these devices can be charged and discharged continuously without appreciable degradation in the devices. In this paper, the charging characteristics of a super capacitor have been studied and analysed using the different types of equivalent circuits of the super capacitor and the best-fit equivalent circuit has been identified by simulation results using DC source. This identified equivalent circuit is then applied for charging super capacitors by solar photovoltaic module. On comparison, the simulated results of the charging characteristics using photovoltaic module is seen to tally closely with the experimental ones. The paper also describes the charging characteristics of the conventional capacitor and super capacitor using mathematical expressions of the solar photovoltaic cell and again compares the characteristics using the experimental results. These charging characteristics as derived mathematically are also found to closely follow the same.

Keywords: Supercapacitor, Transmission branch model, RC branch model, Energy storage system, Solar photovoltaic equation

Abstract: This paper demonstrates the analysis of triangular patch antenna array with microstrip feed and co-axial feed techniques for broadband satellite services (12.2-12.7 GHz) in Ku band. For long distance communications, the gain and directivity of an antenna should be very high which cannot be accomplished by the single element antennas as their radiation pattern is relatively wide. The directivity and gain of an antenna can be increased by arranging several antennas in space and interconnect to produce a directional radiation pattern referred to as an 'array'. The proposed triangular patch antenna array is designed and simulated by using HFSS (High Frequency Structural Simulator) software. The gain of present antenna array for four elements with line feed and co-axial feed is 8.09 dB and 8.92 dB at 12.5 GHz frequency.

Keywords: Triangular microstrip patch antenna, microstrip-line feed, co-axial probe feed, antenna array, gain, directivity, Ku band.

Abstract: This paper reviews the various methods of Automatic meter reading (AMR) System. The AMR system enables remote access of existing energy meter by the energy provider. AMR system aims to move away from the traditional method of manual reading of electricity meters in which a meter reader visits every meter location periodically and read the meter value manually. In this we can monitor the meter readings regularly without visiting at the consumer site. This AMR system uses different connectivity module like Global System for Mobile (GSM), General Pocket Radio System (GPRS), Broadband carrier in power line and radio frequency. Different methods mentioned in this paper are used for transmitting the reading of energy meter from consumer site to the electricity board.

Keywords: Global System for Mobile (GSM), General Pocket Radio System (GPRS), Automatic meter reading (AMR) System, Radio Frequency.

Abstract: One of the most important functions of government organizations is providing its citizens with safe, clean and aesthetic drinking water. Over the years, the standards for drinking water have been made stringent, however the processes for purification remains the same. The individual units of treatment plants have been designed keeping in consideration the drinking water standards at the time of construction. It is mandatory to check whether the treatment plant along with its units are capable of delivering water as per the current drinking water standards. Developed countries such as USA have developed Comprehensive Performance Evaluation for water treatment plants as part of its strategy to provide clean drinking water to its citizens. However, no such manual exists for developing countries such as India. This paper aims to study the viability, necessity and options for carrying out evaluation of drinking water treatment plants in India alongwith performance optimisation of the same.

Keywords: Performance optimisation, Performance evaluation, Composite Correction Program

Abstract: We propose an information subordinate denoising technique to restore uproarious pictures. Not quite the same as existing denoising calculations which hunt down patches from either the boisterous picture or a nonexclusive images, the new calculation finds patches from an inputting image that contains applicable patches. We detail the denoising issue as an ideal channel plan issue and make two commitments. Initially, we decide the premise capacity of the solving so as to denoising channel a gathering sparsity minimization issue. The streamlining definition sums up existing denoising calculations and offers efficient examination of the execution. Change strategies are proposed to improve the patch look process. Second, we decide the unearthly coefficients of the considering so as to denoising channel a confined Bayesian prior. The limited past influences the similitude of the focused on image, lightens the serious Bayesian calculation, and joins the new strategy to the traditional direct least mean squared blunder estimation. We exhibit utilizations of the proposed system in an assortment of situations, including content pictures, multi-view pictures and confront pictures. As per the proposed scheme, the input image will be going to get noised by adding some suppressions bindings over the image. Once the image will get noised, we have to apply the optimal filtering rules to extract the image back from step by step strategies.

Keywords: Denoising Technique, Boisterous Picture, Bayesian prior, Suppressions bindings

Abstract: A green wave on a road with a series of coupled signalized intersections enables a driver to pass each traffic light at green light. The Green wave systems are most suitable to provide clearance to emergency vehicles during rush hours many systems are used to implement the green wave systems. We have developed a cost effective system using Radio frequency identification (RFID) Technology Global system for mobile communication (GSM) modules and latest high speed microcontrollers to achieve the desired results. The primary objective is to identify the emergency vehicle and track its location so that we can provide a green wave to the emergency vehicle. To alleviate congestion public transport can be improved or the Infrastructure can be expanded. In urban areas, the latter is often infeasible due to residential Areas adjacent to the existing roads.

Keywords: Green wave, low cost, Emergency Vehicle Clearance, tracking, detection of stolen vehicles.

Abstract: A simple, efficient, yet robust multi resolution approach to texture classification binary rotation invariant and noise tolerant. The proposed approach is very fast to build, very compact while remaining robust to illumination variations, rotation changes, and noise. We develop a novel and simple strategy to compute a local binary descriptor based on the conventional local binary pattern (LBP) approach, preserving the advantageous characteristics of uniform LBP. Points are sampled in a circular neighborhood, but keeping the number of bins in a single-scale LBP histogram constant and small, such that arbitrarily large circular neighborhoods can be sampled and compactly encoded over a number of scales. There is no necessity to learn a texton dictionary, as in methods based on clustering, and no tuning of parameters is required to deal with different data sets. This noise robustness characteristic of the proposed binary rotation invariant and noise tolerant is evaluated quantitatively with different artificially generated types and levels of noise including Gaussian, salt and pepper, and speckle noise in natural texture images.

Keywords: Texture descriptors; rotation invariance; local binary pattern (LBP); feature extraction; texture analysis.

Abstract: In this paper, a low-power high speed 4:2 compressor circuit is proposed for fast digital arithmetic integrated circuits. The 4:2 compressor has been widely employed for multiplier realizations. Based on a new exclusive OR (XOR) and exclusive NOR (XNOR) module, a 4:2 compressor circuit has been designed. Proposed circuit shows power consumption is very less. Power consumption and delay of proposed 4-2 compressor circuit have been compared with earlier reported circuits and proposed circuit is proven to have the minimum power consumption and the lowest delay. Simulations have been performed by using verilog HDL.

Keywords: Full-Adder (FA), XOR-XNOR

Abstract: Agriculture is the source of livelihood of majority Indians and it also has a great impact on economy of the country. In dry areas or in places where there is inadequate rainfall or when a farmer is not aware of how to use water when there is too much of water storage or when there is no water storage irrigation becomes tedious. Wireless sensor networks and their application for precision agriculture is an automated irrigation system used to enhance the use of water for agricultural crops. The system consists of a wireless network that is the soil moisture sensor and temperature sensor placed under the soil where plants roots are reached which is a distributed network. The system has a water level sensor which will indicate the presence of water level in tank. A gateway unit manages the information related to sensors which triggers the actuators, and data is transmitted using GSM module.

Keywords: Automation, Internet, Irrigation system, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).

Abstract: Medical Imaging is one of the most important application areas of digital image processing. Processing of various medical images is very much helpful to visualize and extract more details from the image. Many techniques are available for enhancing the quality of medical image. For enhancement of medical images, Contrast Enhancement is one of the most acceptable methods. Different contrast enhancement techniques i.e. Linear Stretch, Histogram Equalization, Convolution mask enhancement, Region based enhancement, Adaptive enhancement are already available. Choice of Method depends on characteristics of image. This paper deals with contrast enhancement of X-Ray images and presents here a new approach for contrast enhancement based upon Adaptive Neighborhood technique. A hybrid methodology for enhancement has been presented. Comparative analysis of proposed technique against the existing major contrast enhancement techniques has been performed and results of proposed technique are promising.

Keywords: Histogram Equalization, Adaptive, Convolution, Mask, X-Ray, Neighborhood.

Abstract: Design of High Efficiency Carry Select Adder Using SQRT Technique presents many opportunities for increasing the speed and reducing the area of any data processor. Only Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is the fastest adders which are used in many data-processing processors to perform fast arithmetic operation. From the structure of the CSLA, it is clear that there is scope for reducing the area and delay in the CSLA. In this thesis, we have implemented a carry select adder for the computational process, these modules are programmed in VHDL Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is the fastest adder in all other adder. This work uses very simple and efficient gate-level modification to reduce the area and delay of the CSLA. Based on this modification 8-, 16-, 32-bit square-root CSLA (SQRT CSLA) architecture has been developed and it is compared with the regular SQRT CSLA architecture. The proposed design has reduced area and delay as compared with the regular SQRT CSLA with only a slight reducing the delay. This work evaluates the performance of the proposed designs in parameters that is delay, area, and their products with logical effort. The results analysis shows that the proposed CSLA structure is better than the regular SQRT CSLA.

Keywords: Carry Save Adder, Carry Select Adder, Ripple Carry Adder, and Binary to Excess-1 Converter, Square root CSA, and VHDL.

Abstract: A generalized leveling model for image improvement. supported our analysis on the relationships between image bar chart and distinction improvement white reconciliation, we have a tendency to initial establish a generalized leveling model desegregation distinction improvement and white reconciliation into a unified framework of protrusive programming of image bar chart. We have a tendency to show that several image improvement tasks may be accomplished by the projected model exploitation totally different configurations of parameters. With 2 shaping properties of bar chart remodel, specifically distinction gain and nonlinearity, the model parameters for various improvement applications may be optimized. We have a tendency to then derive associate degree best image improvement formula that in theory achieves the most effective joint distinction improvement and white reconciliation result with trading-off between distinction improvement and tonal distortion.

Keywords: Generalized Equalization Model, Global Image Contrast Mapping, bar chart.

Abstract: Input vector monitoring concurrent BIST schemes are the class of online BIST techniques that overcomes the problems appearing separately in online and in offline BIST in a very effective way. This paper briefly presents an input vector monitoring concurrent BIST scheme, which monitors a set of vectors called window of vectors reaching the circuit inputs during normal operation, and the use of a CAM memory cell to store the relative locations of the vectors. The proposed scheme is evaluated based on the hardware overhead and the concurrent test latency (CTL) (i.e.)during the normal operation of the circuit, the time required to complete the testing operation; which shows to perform significantly better than previously proposed schemes with respect to the hardware overhead and CTL tradeoff.

Keywords: Built-in-Self Test, concurrent testing, input vector monitoring.

Abstract: One of the important tasks for building maintenance is building deck crack inspection. However, the inspection result in human analysis is lowering accurate in nature. A crack inspection system that uses a camera-equipped mobile robot to collect images on the building deck. In this method, the Laplacian of Gaussian (Log) algorithm is used to detect cracks and a global crack map is obtained through camera calibration and robot localization. To clarify that the robot collects all the images on the building deck, a path planning algorithm based on the genetic algorithm is developed. by simulations and experiments, We validate our proposed system through both simulations and experiments. This work addresses crack detection and mapping on a building deck using a robotic system. Several challenges including coordinate transformation, robot localization and complete coverage path planning for the proposed robot system are tackled. This paper focuses mainly on the overall framework for such a robotic inspection system, therefore some of the techniques for handling shadows, paints, patches on buildings are not addressed. In real-world applications, these issues should be carefully incorporated into the design of the image processing algorithm. Also, there may be vibration caused by the passing traffic, which should be dealt with as well. The positioning of the ROCIM system is critical to crack mapping, hence more accurate robot localization techniques fusing various sensors such as differential GPS, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), etc. should be developed. It is also worth noting that the depth and severity of the cracks can be measured by employing advanced nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensors, such as impact echo and ultrasonic surface wave.

Keywords: robots, mapping systems, ROCIM system

Abstract: The rise in energy costs urged the need in minimizing the energy consumption. As significant amount of energy is used for illuminating in educational buildings such as lecture halls and lecture rooms, improvements is needed to avoid energy waste for unoccupied and daylight hour. The lighting will be controlled based on demand to save the energy costs Introduces the common existed problem that lights work in classroom with nobody, analyzes several traditional solutions and their deficiencies, then puts forward the energy-saving system for classroom based on campus card. The project is based on the Campus Card System, which is mature and has been widely used, in combination with Ethernet, RF wireless communications technology, as well as the development of campus card to achieve a complete classroom energy saving system. System controls the master classroom power on and off by detecting the presence of the card, and effectively solve this problem. This system is characterized by simple-use and low-cost renovation.

Keywords: Campus Card System, Energy Saving System, Ethernet, RF Wireless Communications Technology.

Abstract: With advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. This unit talks about the basic definitions needed to understand the Project better and further defines the technical criteria to be implemented as a part of this project several machine-controlled systems has been developed that informs the owner in an exceedingly remote location concerning any intrusion or commit to intrude within the house. 8051 has been extensively utilized in past comes. However, we have a tendency to area unit appearance into the event of AN golem application that interprets the message a mobile device receives on attainable intrusion and after a reply (Short Message Service) SMS that triggers an alarm/buzzer within the remote house creating others conscious of the attainable intrusion. Dominant home appliances remotely with mobile applications have started changing into quite common attributable to the exponential rise in use of mobile devices. Mobile handsets nowadays area unit primarily hand-held computers with integrated mobile radio communication capabilities. With increasing usage of GSM, network services area unit expanded on the far side spoken language to include several alternative custom applications, machine automation and machine to machine communication.

Keywords: Android Mobile App, (Short Message Service) SMS, GSM, AN golem application.

Abstract: Home security is becoming necessary nowadays as the possibilities of intrusion are increasing day by day. Safety from theft, and fire are the most important requirements of home security system for people. A traditional home security system gives the signals in terms of alarm. With the help of technology development, this research take a chance to implement these technologies to help people to protect and control their home appliance remotely with advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. This unit talks about the basic definitions needed to understand the Project better and further defines the technical criteria to be implemented as a part of this project. Smart home is a house that uses information technology to monitor the environment, control the electric appliance and communicates with the outer world. Smart home is a complex technology, at the same time it is developing. A smart home automation system has been developed to automatically achieve some activities performed frequently in daily life to obtain more comfortable and easier life environment. Security has becoming an important issue everywhere. The purpose of this research is to create a system that makes the surveillance of home devices easily. The technology that used in this research are GSM (Global System for digital mobile telecommunication ) and Microcontroller .The GSM module is used to communicate with the owner of the home whenever the sensor senses a fault , a specific message is sent to the owner in order to take a necessary action . The microcontroller is a tool that uses a specific code to do some functions by using MicroC programmer.

Keywords: Smart Home Automation Security, Energy Efficient, GSM, Wireless System.

Abstract: Solar energy is now one of a major source of energy, which is clean and environmental friendly. The challenge arises to convert solar energy into useful energy using devices. These devices have low conversion efficiency. The seasonal and diurnal movement of earth affects the radiation falling on solar collectors. Sun tracking devices move these collectors to compensate the motion of the earth and maintain the best orientation with respect to sun. In this paper, we have discussed about different tracking systems and their theoretical gain as compared to fixed horizontal system by considering a location as Delhi (?=28.6o North).

Keywords: solar energy, sun tracking, sunpath, azimuth, gain, cosine.

Abstract: An important contribution of geosciences to the renewable energy production portfolio is the exploration and utilization of geothermal resources. Geological and geophysical methods are the two most important branches in geothermal exploration. All geophysical activities are very much contributing to identify geothermal prospect. The geophysical activities like Magnetotelluric, Gravity, Magnetic and Seismic methods are used to delineate geothermal prospect in this paper a case study from Dholera, Gujarat has been taken to find out the prospect of geothermal reservoir in application with the refraction seismic survey. A finite study modelling of seismic wave propagation was conducted to determine the layers of the earth which are consisting zones of geothermal energy. This case study is basically dependent on seismic API survey i.e. Seismic Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation has been conducted here. This seismic survey has been deployed along four profiles in the area identified by previous studies conducted in the area including MT survey. Seismic data are processed to find the shallow subsurface features and tomograms. The tomograms obtained from the seismic survey are integrated with SP and Resistivity well log data, which were carried out in a nearby location offset to the seismic profiles. The integration helped to get a clearer picture of the subsurface.

Keywords: Geological, geophysical, Dholera, Gujarat, Magnetotelluric, Gravity, Magnetic and Seismic imaging.

Abstract: We study central automorphisms of free center-by metabelian Lie algebras. Our main result exhibits the form of such automorphisms.

Keywords: Central Automorphism, Center-by-metabelian, Lie algebra

Abstract: The method to check and control water level for irrigation system. The water is a one of the important natural resource and it is an important assets to save the water on the earth. This paper describes the automatic system to monitor and control water level with the help of water level sensors and wireless network system. The need of this paper is to cut water wastage occur in canel and subcanel, and the WSN system reduces the human efforts.

Keywords: WSN, water level sensors, etc.

Abstract: In order to mitigate overheated interior of a vehicle parked in the hot summer sun and thereby to make the entering into the vehicle more comfortable, microcontroller man¬aged module for automatic ventilation of vehicle interior is made. The module is implemented using a microcon¬troller as a central logical unit and a series of sensors which provide sufficient data to ensure functional, but also efficient, reliable and safe ventilation. The ventila¬tion process is performed by opening vehicle windows slightly, which enables air to circulate. Microcontroller controls the position of the windows autonomously and independently of the driver's presence, following pre¬defined algorithm that uses sensors data obtained from the vehicle's surroundings. Besides temperature, the most important factors to ensure quality implementation of ventilation are detected move¬ments around the vehicle, the presence of precipitation and other. This paper shows the components, their pur¬pose and capabilities, advantages and disadvantages, as well as potential implementations and upgrades. The test results give insight into utilization options of this module and its usefulness. This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.

Keywords: Self-Regulated Automatic Ventilation, Vehicle Interior, Microcontroller, three terminal voltage regulator.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new class of nano generalized closed sets namely, nano*generalized b-closed sets in a nano topological space, Also we have introduce nano*generalized locally b-closed sets and their characterizations are analyzed.

Keywords: N*gb -closed set, N*GBLC -closed set, (N*GBLC)* -closed set, (N*GBLC)** -closed set.

Abstract: The objective of this document is to design the Hydrogen Fuel cell that runs from Gasoline. At first, Hydrogen is produced from Gasoline. The calculations for the emf, current, Amount of cell, number of parallel cells, and number of series cells, Power, Power Electronics rating, weight of car, Fuel consumption has been made at STP. The LabVIEW program for the designing of Hydrogen fuel cell has been created and result of the program at STP has been discussed.

Keywords: LabVIEW, Fuel cell, emf, Power Electronics Rating.

Abstract: The paper suggests strongly that the tendency and outcome of surface segregation in magnetic alloy nanostructures should be taken into full account in the design, fabrication, and employment of these magnetic nanostructures. the role of macrostrain in altering the magnetization of BiFeO nanoparticles is not discussed in detail, making it an indispensable study at this juncture. Strain engineering to control physical properties of materials is an emerging area of research. a systematic investigation on the temperature and size-dependent changes in the magnetic properties of Pd NPs is presented by comparing the temperature-dependent magnetic behavior of high-purity bulk Pd with those of NPs of Pd with diameter D = 12 nm and 7.7 nm. Attention is given to not only how the ferromagnetic component changes with size D but also the maxima at Tm, the later often neglected in the previous studies on Pd NPs.

Keywords: Magnetic, Nanoparticles, Microemulsions, Electrodes.

Abstract: The vehicular ad-hoc network now a day's growing field of research, due its infrastructure or rapidly change topology. VANET is sub part of MANET and combination of nodes and roadside units. VANET uses high movable nodes as compared to MANET. VANET provide wireless communication among vehicles and vehicle to roadside unit for sharing information and safety purpose of drivers and passengers. There are various malicious activities performed in network like bogus information attack, ID discloser, sybil attack etc. All these attacks try to distract drivers. In this paper we work on Dos attack in AODV routing protocol. When malicious node sends fake requests frequently to other nodes it creates a blockage in network then node is not able to respond to other nodes. In this paper Artificial Neural Network in VANET is used; so neural network helps to train the node and uses the back propagation and adjust the weights. For the identification of malicious node SOM classifier is used. SOM observe the behavior of nodes and classifies as the normal node and malicious node in the network.

Keywords: VANET, ANN, DOS Attack, AODV, security, SOM classifier.

Abstract: The research paper is an introduction to the new change in the IT industry of managing huge amount of data being generated in the new IT revolution. There are different technologies or solutions are introduced in the IT industry to accept the new change of Big Data. Here we explained the structure of Big Data management and its structure process also its shows the features and its use and how it's benefited the IT industry. We have also discussed the business or services which are using Big Data like social Medias. There also suggestions for the betterment for future development.

Keywords: big data, Cloudera Hadoop, Saas, Iaas, Paas.

Abstract: Thermal Power Plant is a major source of electricity production by coal. We will understand the overview of Thermal Power Plant i.e its parts such as boiler, turbine etc. Overview of Thermal Power Plant is very important for its better functioning and for its maintenance. The satisfactory design consist of selection of sites; estimation of cost; selection of Boiler, Turbine, Electrical Generator, Cooling System. The Transportation of electrical energy is more economical to the transportation of coal. So, we have to put greater efforts on thermal power plant as it is very economical for us.

Keywords: Economiser, Air Preheated, Boiler, Turbine, eff. (efficiency)

Abstract: Vehicle emissions are responsible for about two third of air pollution in urban areas. The main pollutants emitted by vehicles include carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbon, lead, ozone and suspended particulate matter. These pollutants have harmful effects on human health & ecology. Poor air quality increases respiratory disorders like asthma & bronchitis and increases the risk of life-threatening diseases like cancer. In India, the impact of pollution from vehicles is increasing day by day due to rapid increase in population and modernization. Impact of vehicular pollution is more in cities due to urbanization. Kota is one of the fastest developing cities of Rajasthan having more than 65,0000 registered vehicles that shows large number of vehicles and associated impacts of emission through vehicles on polluting air. To study the vehicular pollution in Kota city, high volume air sampler is used for monitoring the air parameters in terms of SPM, SO2 and NOX and these measured parameters have been compared with the national ambient air quality standards issued by the Central Pollution Control Board of India.

Keywords: Air Pollution, Urbanization, Suspended Particulate Matter, Sulphur dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen.

Abstract: Here we have investigated the exact solutions of Bianchi Type I space time in the context of f (R, T) gravity with the matter wet dark energy. The physical nature of this model is also discussed.

Keywords: Bianchi Type I, wet dark matter, f (R, T) gravity.

Abstract: In current scenario, the reversible logic design attracting more interest due to its low power consumption. Reversible logic is very important in low-power circuit design. The important reversible gates used for reversible logic synthesis are Feynman Gate, Fredkin gate, Toffoli gate etc. This paper present a basic reversible gate to build more complicated circuits which can be implemented in ALU, some sequential circuits as well as in some combinational circuits. It also gives brief idea to build adder circuits using the basic reversible gate like peres gate This paper proposes a novel 4x4 bit reversible fault tolerant multiplier circuit which can multiply two 4-bit numbers. This based on two concepts. The partial products can be generated in parallel using PG gates and thereafter the addition is done by using reversible parallel adder designed from PFAG gates. Thus, this paper provides idea for building of more complex system which can execute more complicated operations using reversible logic.

Keywords: Garbage output, Peres gate, PFAG, Reversible logic

Abstract: Monodisperse nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles with tunable size have been synthesized by hot-injection method. The NiO nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron micro-scopy, ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer. There are numerous techniques for microfabrication of patterned polymer surfaces and microchips for drug delivery. While silicon has been the choice material for much of the research done with MEMS, the methacrylates and acrylates provide a rapid and inexpensive base for future work. Cyclodextrins have been used for two purposes: as a solubilising agent of paclitaxel, which it is a very lipophilic compound, and for their ability to disturb and inhibit the activity of the intestinal P-gp.

Keywords: Thermal, hydrothermal, multifunctional, Nanoparticles.

Abstract: A set D ⊆ V of vertices in a graph G = (V, E) is called a dominating set if every vertex v ∈ V (G) is either an element of D or is adjacent to an element of D [4].The domination number γ(G) is the minimum cardinality of the dominating set of G. This article embarks on an exploration of the domination number of a graph G. Additionally, it delves into the precise determination of minimum dominating set for certain well-known graphs. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 059C.

Keywords: Dominating set, Domination number.