Comprehensive Analysis of Marine Pollution: Sources, Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts, and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies with Public Awareness

Abstract: A major environmental concern of the 21st century, marine pollution jeopardizes human health, marine biodiversity, coastal ecosystems, and ocean health. The main causes of marine pollution, including plastic waste, oil spills, untreated sewage, agricultural runoff, and industrial discharge, are thoroughly examined in this paper along with the short- and long-term effects they have. It is noted that plastic pollution, in particular microplastics, is a widespread hazard that has contaminated food chains and isolated ocean areas, endangering both human health and marine life. This study further examines the ecological effects of chemical contaminants, including the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, which can cause immune system problems, reproductive failure, and mass mortality in marine species. Fertilizer-induced nutrient pollution leads to oxygen-depleted dead zones and toxic algal blooms, significantly reducing biodiversity and disrupting food webs. Coastal communities, tourism, and fisheries face significant financial implications as a result of these effects. The article emphasizes the necessity of an integrated response through global collaboration, stricter laws, cutting-edge technologies, and public involvement. It examines international frameworks, such as SDG 14 and the MARPOL Convention, and advocates for sustainable solutions, including improved waste management and the development of biodegradable substitutes. Ultimately, the study advocates for a global commitment to equitable, science-based marine stewardship.

Keywords: Pollution, Plastic waste, Microplastic, Health and environmental impact, Environment policy, Awareness.