VOLUME 7, ISSUE 5, MAY 2020

Abstract: Nowadays, Salang highway is the major mountain pass connecting northern Afghanistan to Kabul province and southern Afghanistan. The subject of this research is to predict the frost penetration depth in north and south of Salang Highway. In order to reach this goal, field and laboratory soil data from 18 trial pits were collected and evaluated. Then Modified Berggren equation and Rajabei & Baladi formula were applied to predict frost penetration depth. The result of this study shows that average frost penetration depth in the south of Salang highway is 138 (cm) and it is 148 (cm) in the north of the highway. It is concluded that deeper frost penetration depth in the north part is because of more dry density and more thermal properties of soils with comparison to the south part. A correlation formula is developed between dry density of soil and predicted frost depth which makes it possible to predict maximum frost depth in Salang area and also other areas with similar geographic and climate condition.

Keywords: Frost depth, Salang highway, soil thermal properties, modified Berggren equation, dry density

Abstract: In the present review two versatile analytical technique HPLC and UPLC discussed thoroughly for their unique properties, working and detectors which makes them very valuable in the drug and pharmaceutical industry. Here discussion starts from the origin of chromatography, types of chromatography techniques. It involves the intricate details of the functioning of HPLC and UPLC and how they are different from each other.

Keywords: Chromatography, HPLC, UPLC, Detectors, Separation techniques.

Abstract: This survey offered a brief description of plastic pyrolysis for each form and a review of the fundamental parameters of control to increase the yield of oil. In the light of the published research studies, the majority of researchers have selected the Pyrolysis method because of its potential to transfer most resources from plastic waste to liquid oil, gaseous and char. These days all the nations confronting an issue for removal of Waste Plastic. The increase in demand for plastics contributed to the use of oil as a non-inexhaustible non-renewable energy source, since plastics were an oil-based material. A few solutions have been created to manage plastic squandering and energy recovery strategies. The plastic is a non-biodegradable and the beneficial technique to corrupt the plastic is Pyrolysis yet there is an issue in Pyrolysis is energy utilization is more and yield is less. If we utilize Waste Plastic Oil (WPO) legitimately the carbon outflow is more and the calorific value is less. Along these lines, to expand the calorific value and diminishing the carbon outflow one of the strategies is to mixing the WPO to other fuel. DI Diesel Engine was first co-pyrolyzed with high density polyethene (HDPE) in order to increase the oil yield and fuel properties of DI Diesel Engine, when Fueled with these mixtures was then broken down in analysis with both perfect WPO and diesel operation, and Biomass from waste paper (WP). This paper presents the current methods of pyrolysis, the parameters that influence product yield and selectivity, and identifies significant research gaps in this innovation. In addition, the effect of different impulses on the process as well as the analysis and relative comparison of Pyrolysis with other thermal and catalytic plastic treatment techniques are added.

Keywords: Pyrolysis, Plastic Waste, Liquid Oil, Biomass, HDPE, Catalysts, WPO

Abstract: The traditional public distribution system, intended to provide subsidized ration items to poor households, is the largest welfare programme in India. The ration distribution system is automated by using RFID and Fingerprint. This automated ration system replaces the conventional ration card system by RFID Tags. In addition to, these tags followed by fingerprint detector is placed in the machine in order to check the correct user access. If the user is a correct user, the next process takes place and the input can be given in the keypad. By giving the input the required products are received from the ration shop. In order to perform the similar operation, the embedded controller is pre-programmed. In order to involve government in the process, the proposed ration shop system is connected to the government database via GSM module, which further sends the up-to-date information to the government and the consumer.

Keywords: Global System For Mobile Communication (GSM), Personal Digital Assistants (PDA ),Global Positioning System(GPS),Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA).

Abstract: Rapid depletion of fossil fuels which is our conventional source of energy and the degradation of environment have led to exploration of renewable energy sources. Solar energy is one of the most mature renewable sources of energy which provides thermal energy without any cost. Since last decade technologies used to harness solar energy have evolved as they are freely available and have commercial potential. This paper presents the advancement made in the field of solar thermal technology with emphasis on techniques employed for its thermal performance enhancement which includes geometric modifications on the heated surface of the solar collector to modify the boundary layer, use of nano-fluids to increase the thermal conductivity of the heat transfer fluid and use of solar selective coatings on the absorber surface to maximise the capturing of solar radiation.

Keywords: Heat transfer enhancement, nano-fluids, solar selective coating, solar collector, thermal performance.

Abstract: Heat transfer enhancement techniques are widely used in areas such as process industries, air conditioning and refrigeration system, heat recovery process, chemical reactors etc. Passive techniques, where inserts are used in the flow passage to augment the heat transfer are advantageous compared to the active techniques, because they are simple to manufacture, cheap and they can be easily employed in an existing heat exchanger. Presently passive methods are most popular to enhance the heat transfer in heat exchanger. A wide range of inserts are used, particularly when turbulent flow is considered. This paper presents a critical review on different passive heat transfer augmentation techniques such as twisted tapes, wire coils, fins and ribs, which are the most commonly used passive heat transfer augmentation tools.

Keywords: Baffles, Fins, Heat Transfer Enhancement, Ribs, Twisted Tape, Wire Coil.

Abstract: Formability of metallic materials is generally assed by the material properties such as strain hardening exponent (n) and planar/normal anisotropy. In this work, strain hardening behavior has been studied between the room temperature and elevated temperature tensile tests of ASS 304 steel specimens. Anisotropy values were determined as per ASTM E517 standard along three directions: 0°, 90° and 45° to the rolling direction. Tensile tests were conducted from room temperature to 300°C at an interval of 100°C. Strain hardening exponent values also showed the higher values for 300°C temperature specimen compared to other temperatures. Finite element analysis of the tensile deformation was also studied.

Keywords: Strain hardening exponent, anisotropy, yield strength, finite element analysis.

Abstract: The need to minimize wastage from agricultural produce cannot be over emphasized. as mechanisation is introduced to the agricultural sector gradually in developing nations, so the harvest yield is in the increase continuously, maize which is majorly seasonal produce, needs to be dried and stored to make it available during the non-harvesting period. the drying of grains for mechanized farmers requires the development of a medium-scale solar dryer of 231 kg grains of maize in a batch of two layers. A solar grain dryer, rectangular with a transparent top, which sizes is 1244 mm by 3988 mm by 1229 mm was designed and constructed of metal sheet, wood and glass. The evaluation of its performance was carried out in rural areas. The design is based on the achievable temperature of 50℃ to 60℃. The grain dryer capacity is 23 kg/day of maize. The recommendations for effective dryer maintenance were stated which are within the technical capability of local farmers.

Keywords: Chamber, Dryer, Layers, Maize, Performance, Solar and Wastage

Abstract: Sesame seed is one of the oldest oilseed crops known, domesticated well over 3000 years ago. Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa. Sesame can be harvested 90 to 150 days after planting. The crop must be harvested before the shattering damages it. Mechanical threshing is recommended to minimize seed damage and loss during harvesting.

Keywords: Sesame, Crop Parameters, Design, Sesame Grains.

Abstract: This modern Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology refers to 5 G Visible Light Communication systems that use light emitting diodes in a similar way to Wi-Fi as a medium to high speed communication. In the days when the Internet is a challenging area, people are searching for Wi-Fi hotspots. In wireless networking Li-Fi or New Life data connectivity is a great alternative to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi has a speed thousand times faster than Wi-Fi and provides safety as the visible light cannot pass through the walls. These technologies have put the future of connectivity not only greener but healthier and cheaper.

Keywords: Li-Fi, Wi-Fi, LED, D-Light (Data Light), Visible Light Communication (VLC).

Abstract: Water is a natural resource available on earth and is like an elixir for humans, animals, plants, microorganism and aquatic life. A lot of wastes are produced from the domestic and industrial medium, if it gets disposed into the water resources it affects the human and aquatic life adversely. Waste water have many wastes in it in form of organic materials, heavy materials and inorganic materials. Waste water is treated by employing various technique so that its disposal is safe for environment. Waste water is treated in many stages, first stage is comprised of removal of bulky organic material like plants branches, leaves, cloths, plastic materials etc. by screening method. In screening methods certain shapes of bars are arranged in parallel way to a specified distance in an order so that it can stops these bulky materials. The shape, size and distance between the objects depends upon the amount of waste water treatment capacity and source of waste generation. Grits suspended into the water also removed by employing suitable grit removal technique. Second method known as secondary treatment method the waste water is brought into aeration tank and by supplying enough amount of oxygen and maintaining suitable temperature the biodegradation of the organic material is achieved. Oxygen supply is ascertained by using air compressor and centrifugal pump is also used to achieve desirable results. Third stage is known as tertiary stage, in this stage harmful bacteria presents into the water removed by using proper technique like chlorination of water and by UV treatment. Waste water treatment studies shows that by suitable temperature and enough supply of oxygen organic wastes can be biodegraded properly. Use of air compressor maintains the supply of oxygen to the micro-organism present into the water resource for biodegradation. Proper selection of instrument, land and technology improved the water treatment result. This study concludes that waste water treatment protects the environment, aquatic life, ground water and protects the human from many diseases.

Keywords: Screening, grit removal, Chlorination, Biodegradation.

Abstract: Diara land being itself a very typical hypsographic of its nature, engulfed with twin problems of drought during pre and post floods. To quantify the relationship between soil moisture regimes and water table fluctuation is therefore worth prime. The present study was therefore undertaken and a regression equation between moisture content and depth to water table in diara land a linear regression equation Y = -12.606X + 58.829 was established, where X and Y are depth to water table (m) and percentage of moisture content, respectively. The regression equation indicates the trend of increase in moisture content was related with decrease in depth to water table and vice-versa. This finding needs to utilise to reformat the strategies related to soil moisture conservation of Diara land ecosystem.

Keywords: Ground water, diara land, meandering, water table and moisture content of soil etc.

Abstract: The A.A.I. design longitudinal slot type Potato grader was modified and a new prototype was fabricated. The slope of sieves and their oscillating speed were standardarised to achieve higher degree of grading efficiency and capacity. The thicker rubber beeds have been provided to minimize the Potato damage. After above modification the Grader was tested. Based on the least slippage percentage and at minimum vibration of machine the suitable oscillation rate of sieve was found to be 385 per minute for efficient functioning of machine, maximum grading efficiency of 99.40 percent and a grading capacity of 30.92 quintal per hour was achieved. The energy consumption of Potato grader was found to be 0.025 kwh per quintal.

Keywords: Grader, cultivation, porosity, feeding hopper and sieves etc.

Abstract: Industrial wastewater is one of the important pollution sources in the pollution of the water environment. The large quantity of industrial wastewater was discharged into Lakes, Rivers and Coastal areas. This resulted in serious pollution problems in the water environment and caused negative effects to the eco-system and human's life. In order to ensure the safe flow of the industrial waste water, the quality needs to be monitored in real time. Here, we are going to design low cost Real Time Waste Water Purity Monitoring and Indication System (RWPIS) which monitors the water quality. The structure consists of many sensors which were used to measure physical and chemical parameters such as Salinity, Temperature, Turbidity and PH. Here the GSM and IoT technology is used to transform the information regarding the Quality of wastewater.

Keywords: IoT, waste water, salinity, GSM

Abstract: Lightning stroke on a tower structure is one of the major reasons which results in high induced voltages at tower arms due to the excessive lightning current flowing through the tower to earth. If this induced Lightning stroke on a tower structure is one of the major reasons which results in high induced voltages at tower arms due to the excessive lightning current flowing through the tower to earth. The worst case is to have this induced voltage on the first tower close to a substation. If it is higher than the withstand level of insulator string, the insulation of substation' equipment will be exposed to transient overvoltage (fast front back-flashover (FFBF)). The peak of this transient overvoltage is affected by the value of system earthing resistance. This paper studies the effect of surge arrestor (SA) earthing resistance and the footing resistance of 1st tower adjacent to a 25 kV traction feeder station on FFBF. Three case studies using PSCAD/EMTDC software are presented to simulate the back-flashover with variable earthing resistances at the 1st tower footing and SA. The paper also addresses the critical earthing resistance for designing an economic protection system for solving the problem of transient overvoltage produced due to fast front back-flashover. This study proves that the proper design of a grounding system for the first tower and SA not only enhances the safety of the system but it also minimizes the construction cost of the grounding system

Keywords: Back-flashover; Insulation Coordination; Fast Front Transient Study; 25 kV Traction Feeder; Footing Resistance; Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage; PSCAD/EMTDC

Abstract: The recent trends of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies and Augmented Reality (AR) are attracting the attention of both consumers and retailers. However, the concept is age old and researchers are still working in the user friendly interface, VR will be the new propaganda for the modern day pandemic problems where users have to maintain social distancing and have a contamination threat. Virtual mirror and in-store sensors which will help the users to navigate the correct way and help those in picking the apt choices which will reduce the exchange scale statistics. Through the virtual technology one can know what type of merchandise is available in the store and what type of material are available for them in particular, through this consumer need not touch the apparel physically but can see the fit and overall appearance of the garment on them virtually. There are several mobile applications available in the app store through which one can get to see the merchandise virtually, but it is still in the infancy stage. Thought the virtual mirror is a big boon through its installation one can restore the crashing economy of apparel sector and indeed can increase the sales as there is no risk of contamination and disease spread. Through this pandemic era this is the best option retailers can grab to enhance user friendly apparel retailing.

Keywords: Covid-19, Virtual try-on, augmented reality, social distancing, fashion assistant.

Abstract: Structural development in the metro city has rapidly increased as there are many high-rise construction projects that have been carried out. Structural analysis is the fundamental part of the design of the high-rise structure which shad the same height and same geometry. It is effective solution for residential purpose however; few of the challenging problems have been facing such as vehicle parking and other basic enmities space. Therefore, many structures provide a common either in single, multiple floors, or underground basements parking in this kind of structure often seen in the residential as well as a commercial complex. In present paper to study on considering effects of influence parameters like the height of the tower, connection with basement and depth of basement with two parallel towers (Twin-Tower) having a common basement. The main object of the study the twin tower in linear dynamics earthquake analysis have been considering on the behaviours of structure G+20, G+25, and G+ 30 stories symmetrical twin tower without an underground basement, with 2, and 4 number of Basement. The seismic response of the superstructure was studied by observing the variation of internal stress results such as base shear, storeys displacement, storeys drift, and storeys shear. The analysis results obtained from all models were performed by using various linear dynamic structure analysis approaches such as Equivalent Static Force Method (ESFM), Response Spectrum Method (RSM), and Time History Analysis (THA).

Keywords: Basement connected, Seismic, Response spectrum analysis, Time history analysis, ETABS.

Abstract: Nowadays the farmer and the fisherman have many problems in the world. In agriculture the crops are affected by the disease with causes by the insects and pets and in another hand the fishermen are being killed for crossing the boundary of the neighbouring country. This project is used to give a deep description about the crop disease detection (case 1) and the border alert detection (case 2) using IoT. This paper include various features like detection of leaf disease, server based remote monitoring system, humidity sensing and temperature of the soil sensing for developing the agriculture and also include various features for alerting the fishermen while crossing the boundaries of neighbouring countries to save the fishermen life.

Keywords: Arduino Uno, Soil Moisture Sensor, Humidity Sensor, Temperature Sensor, Wi-Fi Module,GPS (Global Position System) module,GSM(Global System Mobile for communication),LCD Display,Engine controllerr and Power supply

Abstract: Case1: Nowadays numerous persons are mislaying their life owing to heart attack and shortage of medical attention to patient at correct stage. This project is proposed on implementing heart rate observation and heart attack recognition system using IoT. An android application with built-in sensors was developed for patients. The patient has to carry this hardware with them. The heartbeat sensor will monitor the readings and send out them over the internet. The heartbeat limits can be fixed by the patient. The system will send an alert message if there is any change in the limit level fixed by the patient. Case 2: The second case study is over the years, there has been a sudden increase in the number of vehicles on the road. Traffic congestion is a growing problem that everyone faces in their daily life. Manual control of traffic by traffic police has not proved to be efficient. Also, the predefined set time for the signal at all circumstances (low and high traffic density) has not solved this problem. A model to effectively solve the above-mentioned problems by using Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed. The proposed work use cloud for internet-based computing, where different services such as server, storage and application are delivered for traffic management. A network of sensors is used to track the number of vehicles and the traffic congestion at the intersections on a road and rerouting will be done on the basis of the traffic density on the lanes of a road.

Keywords: Pulse sensor, heartbeat sensor, WIFI module, UART Communication, Arduino, IR sensor.

Abstract: Genetic algorithms are having a random probability distribution or pattern that may be analysed statistically but may not be predicted precisely. Genetic algorithms are search algorithms which acts on a population of possible solutions and designed on the natural evolution process. The word genetic is derived from Greek word genesis which means "Generation". In the Genetic Algorithm, the solution of the problem is coded as a string of bits or real numbers. Genetic algorithms are the algorithms that are used for optimization and machine learning based on various features of biological evolution. By using Genetic algorithms functional optimization can be done very efficiently.

Keywords: Neural Networks, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Genetic Algorithms.

Abstract: Artificial Neural Networks are similar to human brain which are classified by the machine learning algorithms. It works similarly like brain. The brain will recall all the information in past through the neurons in the nervous system, similarly, ANN also recall the data by the inputs and respond through classifications and predictions. To produce a new pattern, ANN builds a relationship between inputs and outputs through examples of data sets. ANN main advantage is to provide outputs it takes sample data from the data set.

Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, Human Brain, Nervous System, input, output and feedback

Abstract: Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. The word Piezoelectric is derived from the Greek piezein, which means to squeeze or press, and piezo, which is Greek for "push". One of the unique characteristics of the piezoelectric effect is that it is reversible, meaning that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect also exhibit the converse piezoelectric effect i.e. generation of stress when an electric field is applied. When piezoelectric material like Berlinite, cane sugar, quartz, Rochelle salt, topaz, tourmaline, is placed under mechanical stress, a shifting of the positive and negative charges. When reversed, an outer electrical field either stretches or compresses the piezoelectric material. Piezoelectric effect is very useful within many applications that involve the production and detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, microbalances, robotics, medical engineering, high power applications, sensors, piezoelectric motors ultra fine focusing of optical assemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scientific instrumental techniques with atomic resolution, such as scanning probe microscopes. Piezoelectric materials provided the perfect technology upon which Nanomotion developed our various lines of unique piezoelectric motors. Using piezoelectric technology, Nanomotion has designed various series of motors ranging in size from a single element (providing 0.4Kg of force) to an eight element motor (providing 3.2Kg of force). Nanomotion motors are capable of driving both linear and rotary stages, and have a wide dynamic range of speed, from several microns per second to 250mm/sec. The operating characteristics of Nanomotion's motors provide inherent braking and the ability to eliminate servo dither when in a static position. Piezoelectric Motors because having very high voltages correspond to only tiny changes in the width of the crystal, this crystal width can be manipulated with better than micrometer precision, making piezo crystals an important tool for positioning objects with extreme accuracy, making them perfect for use in motors, such as the various motor series offered by Nanomotion. Regarding piezoelectric motors, the piezoelectric element receives an electrical pulse, and then applies directional force to an opposing ceramic plate, causing it to move in the desired direction. Motion is generated when the piezoelectric element moves against a static platform. Keywords- Piezoelectric effect, Nanomotion, Piezoelectric motor, ultrasonic motor, MICROMO.

Abstract: Wearable personalized health monitoring systems can offer an effective solution for human health care system. And it keeps patients engaged and performs many functions. It monitors a patient's physiological signals continuously and transmits it with minimum power. It also helps in improving the chances of saving human life. In wearable personalized health monitoring systems, the signals are continuously monitored. For this operation, power is consumed heavily. It needs charging for a certain time, (i.e.) every 2-3 hours for continuous monitoring. During the charging of the equipment, if the patient suffers any difficulties, this wearable personalized health monitoring system become helpless at that time. In already existing system the power is consumed heavily because they transmit the bit for every second from the physiological signals. So, a power efficient health monitoring system using "WIFI CONTROLLER ESP8266 MOD" has been proposed to give timely needed information about the patient's health with low power consumption.

Keywords: Personalized health monitoring, Biomedical sensors, Physiological signals, Heart rate, SpO2, BPM, Abnormality, Alert message system

Abstract: In growing number of industrial market. Voltage source inverters have proven to be more efficient, has greater reliability and higher dynamic response. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques are increasingly applied in industrial applications for variable speed drives. In this we are using different switching techniques for analysis of voltage source inverter such as uni polar and bipolar PWM and Sine Pulse Width Modulation method for a single-phase voltage source inverter. The PWM technique results in reduced Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) improving the spectral quality of the output. The parameters such as Weighted Total Harmonic Distortion (WTHD), Distortion factor (DF), Harmonic Spread Factor (HSF) and switching losses are computed. Voltage Source inverters (VSI) have been widely used in uninterruptible power supplies, unified power quality conditioners and distributed generations systems (DGS). Voltage source inverters are inherently efficient, compact and economical devices used to control power flow and provide quality supply. Keywords- Voltage source inverter, Sine Pulse Width Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation, Weighted Total Harmonic Distortion, Distortion factor, Harmonic Spread Factor and switching losses.

Abstract: In this paper, the effects of cyperus esculentus (tiger nut) leaves extract as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5M NaCl solution was investigated. This is to replace the unfriendly, hazardous chromates, bromates, molybdates that have been used as corrosion inhibitors but harmful to lives. Weight loss method was used to study the corrosion behavior at the temperature range of 40 oC and 60 oC with inhibitor concentration from 0.1 - 0.5 g/l over an exposure period of 24 hours. The corrosion rates and inhibition efficiency were determined in the absence and presence of cyperus esculentus extract. The corrosion rates decreased with increase in inhibitor concentrations and the inhibition efficiency increased with increase in inhibitor concentration. But however, the inhibition efficiency decreased with increase in temperature. The trend of the result was used to propose the mechanism of inhibition. The inhibitor adsorption characteristic were approximated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm at all the temperatures and concentrations studied. The phenomenon of physical adsorption is proposed based on the thermodynamic parameters that govern the inhibition process.

Keywords: Cyperus esculentus, adsorption isotherm, chromates, molybdates, aqueous solution, NaCl

Abstract: Lung cancer poses a significant global public health challenge, emphasizing the importance of early detection for improved patient outcomes. Recent advancements in deep learning algorithms have shown promising results in medical image analysis. This study aims to explore the application of object detection particularly YOLOv5, an advanced object identification system, in medical imaging for lung cancer identification. To train and evaluate the algorithm, a dataset comprising chest X-rays and corresponding annotations was obtained from Kaggle. The YOLOv5 model was employed to train an algorithm capable of detecting cancerous lung lesions. The training process involved optimizing hyperparameters and utilizing augmentation techniques to enhance the model's performance. The trained YOLOv5 model exhibited exceptional proficiency in identifying lung cancer lesions, displaying high accuracy and recall rates. It successfully pinpointed malignant areas in chest radiographs, as validated by a separate test set where it outperformed previous techniques. Additionally, the YOLOv5 model demonstrated computational efficiency, enabling real-time detection and making it suitable for integration into clinical procedures. This proposed approach holds promise in assisting radiologists in the early discovery and diagnosis of lung cancer, ultimately leading to prompt treatment and improved patient outcomes.

Keywords: Lung cancer, YOLOv5, deep learning, object detection, medical imaging, chest radiograph.