VOLUME 3, ISSUE 9, SEPTEMBER 2016

Abstract: It is worthwhile to search that what really drives the two large dam's construction rush in Africa? To understand what has changed since the beginning of the 21st Century. When former Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi gave an interview following the signing of the Entebbe Agreement in 2010, he had said, "some people in Egypt have old-fashioned ideas based on the assumption that the Nile water belongs to Egypt." But, "the circumstances have changed and changed forever." When he stressed this extraordinary changing in his speech, multinational driving forces has been in use to paradigm shift to solve some international disputes since the beginning of the 21st Century. Prime Minister Meles Zenawi was a visionary leader who brought real benefits on the table to share with. As the years go by Zenawi's statement come true.But mostly no attention has been given to what was "old fashion" and what is the circumstances that have changed forever in his statement. Rapidly developed and constructed water projects showed that it is time to remember these words to analyse new security paradigm as well as new driving forces in some African transboundary river basins. Some examples can be taken as Grand Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia and Grand Inga Dam in DR Congo that will be addressed in this article. First one has already completed as percent %60 and second one construction will start in very soon. Africa urgently needs energy to lift its people out of poverty and pursue sustainable development. The Nile and Congo River offers enormous opportunities for doing this.In this article,we aimed to highlight additional drivers being effective to develope transboundary waters faster than late 20th Century.

Keywords: Grand Renaissance Dam, New Hydropolitics, Land Grabbing.

Abstract: The Present research work describes the synthesis, spectral and antibacterial studies on the few complexes of Copper (II) with pyrimidine derivatives. The characterizations of the compounds have been carried out on the basis of elemental analysis, infrared, electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility studies. Antibacterial activities of these ligands and complexes have also been reported on S.aureus and E.coli microorganisms. The diffuse reflectance spectrums of the complexes show bands in the region around 11000 cm-1 to 25000cm-1 assignable to 2Eg ? 2T2g, 2B1g ? 2A1g transitions. These are also typical of octahedral environment around the Copper. The magnetic moment (1.87 BM) of the complex indicates high octahedral environment. The microwave method of synthesis of complexes have been found easier, convenient and ecofriendly.

Keywords: Microwave, amide, Copper (II).

Abstract: Many a times the columns in a structure need to be closely spaced to meet the architectural and functional requirements. This leads to the overlapping of stressed zones and may change the behavior of system of footings placed closely. In the present study, the interference of two strip footings is investigated. The footing resting on three soil mediums namely soft clay(C-soil), sandy clay(C-Ø soil) and medium sand (Ø-soil) is considered. The behavior of individual footing on each medium is first established. In case of interference study, the two footing are considered to be at same level but at different depths represented by depth ratio D/B and at different spicing represented by spacing ratio S/B. The effect of interference when two footing are at different levels is also studied and presented. The analysis is carried out for static loading conditions by applying incremental uniformly distributed loads till failure for different loading sequences, depths and spacing. The analysis is carried out using PLAXIS-2D, a modern finite element tool for geotechnical analysis and presented.

Keywords: Interference, strip footing, PLAXIS-2D

Abstract: Solar energy has become a chief source of energy with the advancements in PV cell efficiency and reduction in cell cost, grid-connected photovoltaic systems does not require bulk and lossy battery bank. High voltage Distributed generation and on-site supply of PV system minimizes distribution losses, and mitigates environment pollution. In this, the robust solar power system stabilizer (RPSS) is designed using enhanced ABC for designing the controllers for dynamical systems in electrical engineering. Comparisons are also made between the Conventional power system stabilizer (CPSS), PSS with H8 optimization and PSS with PSO optimization. Experimental results show that compare to other techniques, enhanced ABC is more effective to produce desired response.

Keywords: RPSS, CPSS, H8, PSO, Enhanced ABC.

Abstract: The present experimental study focus on the design and analysis of perforated rectangular fin array with varying percentage of perforation. Recently the fins are commonly used to increase the heat transfer rate between the surrounding fluid and surfaces in heat exchange appliances. Various fin geometries available with different shape, size and perforation, in this experiment we use the rectangular fins having different percentage of perforation such that plane, 10%, 20% and 30% of perforation. The effects of perforations and base-to-ambient temperature difference on the heat transfer performance of fin arrays were observed and optimum value of perforation is suggested. The experimental set-up was employed during experiments in order to take measurements from 4 different fin configurations having fin lengths of 180 mm and fin height of 20 mm. Fin spacing was maintained fixed at 7.45 mm. Fin thickness is 3 mm. 5 heat inputs ranging from 25 W to 67.5 W were supplied for all fin configurations, and hence, the base and the ambient temperatures were measured in order to evaluate the heat transfer rate from fin arrays. The CFD analysis can be done by using above parameters and fin configuration. The results of experimental as well as CFD analysis have shown that the convection heat transfer rate from fin arrays depends on all percentage of perforation and base-to-ambient temperature difference. Analysis gives the idea about heat transfer and behaviour of perforated fins. The effect of flow visualization also cleared the heat transfer by chimney flow pattern. From above analysis we get 30% perforation gives more heat transfer than other perforation.

Keywords: Perforation, Fins, Steady state, Natural convection, CFD

Abstract: Turbopump is one of the main modules of liquid rocket engine and represents a large part of rocket engine overall cost. So improving the efficiency of turbopump and reducing its weight are effective ways to improve the performance of rocket engine. Turbopump includes group of blades and rotating disk. Rotating disks from the past are of great importance to designers. One of the best examples of such applications is gas turbine disks. Rotating disks undergoes mechanical load as well as thermal load. A disk experiences pressure internally because of being shrink-fitted onto its mounting shaft. Also the blade placed on its external boundary cause an outer load, which will increase the load on outer edge. Blades experiencing high temperature gases create a temperature field to vary on the disk. In present study, the rotating disk is optimized by numerical simulation method [ANSYS].

Keywords: Turbopump, Liquid Rocket Engine, Rotating Disks, Numerical Simulation Method.

Abstract: The designing and modernization of a re-entry space vehicle requires accurate and reliable data on the flow field, aerodynamic characteristics, heat transfer processes. Taking into account the wide range of flow conditions, realized at hypersonic flight of the vehicle in the atmosphere, it leads to the need of incorporating various features occurring in the gas phase and on the vehicle surface. The experiment on this project concentrates on understanding the various characteristics of hypersonic flow and re-entry vehicle and the reliability on CFD software for determining the flow characteristics. The selected model for study is ISRO CARE test flight. The capsule is modelled using Design Modeller and meshed in Ansys. The analysis is carried out using CFX. K-omega 2 equation SST model is used for turbulent modelling in CFX analysis. K-epsilon model is also used for comparing the results. Profiles of pressure, temperature and velocity are mainly studied. The effect of angle of attack on the flight profile is also studied.

Keywords: CARE, flow characteristics, hypersonic flow, re-entry capsule.

Abstract: Routing is an important part of wireless ad hoc network conventionally there are two approaches first one is Proactive and another one is Reactive. Both these approaches have some disadvantages and to overcome the problems hybrid routing protocols designed. ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) is one of the hybrid routing protocols, it takes advantage of proactive approach by providing reliability within the scalable zone, and for beyond the scalable zone it looks for the reactive approach. It (ZRP) uses the proactive and the reactive routing according to the need of the application at that particular instance of time depending upon the prevailing scenario.In this paper we use ZRP that proactively maintains routes within a local region of the network (which we refer to as the routing zone). Knowledge of this routing zone topology is leveraged by the ZRP to improve the efficiency of a reactive route query/reply mechanism. we further incorporate security, provide guaranteed QoS and enhancement for use in heterogeneous mesh and sensor networks and this is accomplished by using Open SSL-DES96(double encryption) enhancement algorithm. The performance of this algorithm is evaluated through simulation and data transfer among the nodes is done through SFTP.

Keywords: Ad hoc network, hybrid routing, proactive routing, reactive routing, routing protocol, routing zone, zone routing protocol (ZRP), Multi clusterhead, Dominating Set.

Abstract: This paper presents the experimental investigation to determine the parametric setting for the effective and efficient machining of Monel 400 alloy by EDM process. The metal removal rate and Surface roughness has been measured for each experiment to study the effects of tool profile i.e. Flat, Convex, and Concave shape, peak current, pulse on time and pulse off time on performance during machining. The experiments have been conducted Electrical Discharge Machine model S-35; SPARKONIX is available at M/s 3M Tools, Industrial Area Phase 9, Mohali. The machining results were obtained by variation of Pulse ON Time ranging from 4 to 6 µs, Pulse OFF Time ranging from 3 to 7 µs, Input Peak Current ranging from 10 to 20 Amp, by changing the tool profile i.e. Flat, Concave and Convex. The optimum combination parameters for machining of Monel 400 alloy using EDM for higher MRR are Concave shape of tool, 20amp current, 4µs of Pulse on time, 3µs of Pulse off time. The optimum combination parameters for machining of Monel 400 alloy using EDM for lower surface roughness are Concave shape of tool, 10amp current, 4µs of Pulse on time, 3µs of Pulse off time.

Keywords: EDM, Tool Profile, Monel 400, MRR, surface structure.

Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency-division multiplexing is an attractive technique for high-bit-rate communication systems. It has been widely used in modern wireless communication because of its high data rate, immunity to delay spread and frequency spectral efficiency and other advantages. Besides these advantages, one of the major drawback of OFDM is the high Peak-to- average-power ratio (PAPR) of the Transmitter's output signal, as it restricts the system performance. Clipping method is the simplest method to reduce the PAPR of the OFDM system but it has some limitations. Here we are using Selective Mapping (SLM) method which provides good performance for reduction of PAPR, where the actual transmit signal is selected from a set of signals to construct the transmitted signal. In this paper SLM method provide better PAPR reduction compared to normal OFDM signal.

Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), Peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR), Selective Mapping (SLM), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT).

Abstract: Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy (GFRE) composites are one of the most widely used in structural engineering components like Turbine blades, Airplane wings, and helicopter blades as well as in many others in aerospace, mechanical and civil industries. Most of these structural components are subjected to dynamic loadings where the damage results from resonant vibrations. In this project fly ash powder is mixed with epoxy resin and Flyash reinforced glass fiber epoxy composites are fabricated using hand lay-up process by varying the different weight percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of fly ash. The tensile strength of these specimens are found experimentally by Universal Testing Machine(UTM).The free vibration behavior of fly ash reinforced glass fiber epoxy composites is studied in fix-free boundary conditions using impact hammer technique. The objective of this project is to study the influence of flyash on glass fiber epoxy composites to know the behavior of tensile and damping properties. Experimental results shows that the tensile and damping properties are improved very much for 5% Flyash reinforced GFRE composites.

Keywords: Glass fiber, Epoxy resin, Flyash, Hand lay-up method, FFT analyzer.

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce the fuzzy concept for reverse reneging which helps to find the expected system size (LS) in terms of crisp value for a finite capacity single server queuing system. By considering the arrival rate, service rate and the reneging rate as trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, we convert all these fuzzy numbers into crisp values by using Robust Ranking Technique. Further we use this technique to find the expected system size. Finally, the analytical results are numerically verified by changing the values for different parameters under crisp environment for LS.

Keywords: Reverse Reneging, Queuing Systems, Robust Ranking Technique, Fuzzy numbers and Crisp values.

Abstract: The objective of cooling water system is to remove the excess heat from the engine. The working fluid (water) is circulated from the tank to the cylinder liner of each individual cylinder through the cooling water pipe. The working fluid (water) is cooled by circulating it through the radiator and recycled again. When a crack is developed in the cooling water pipe the entire system collapses and the loco gets shut down. The problem identified by us was that the existing cooling water design has more number of bends. Our intension is to analyse the fluid flow pattern in the existing cooling water pipe design and to provide an improved design with less number of bends, better fluid flow pattern and minimum number of failures.

Keywords: Cooling water pipe, working fluid, fluid flow pattern.

Abstract: In this paper, the synthesis, structural and microstructural properties of zirconium (Zr4+) doped nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanocrystals prepared by sol-gel auto combustion technique have been reported. Ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) was used as a fuel; the pH was maintained at 7 and the prepared samples were sintered at 700 °C for 6 h. The single phase nanocrystalline nature of the Ni1.5Zr0.5Fe1.0O4 was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The microstructural studies were investigated through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The average particle size was calculated by using Debye-Scherer's formula using XRD data and is obtained to be 32 nm. The average grain size was found to be in nanometer range and found to be 52 nm obtained by using SEM images.

Keywords: Nanocrystalline, nickel ferrite, sol-gel, XRD, SEM.

Abstract: The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault.

Keywords: Underground Cable, Fault, Open circuit, Short circuit.

Abstract: World moves from stone era to métal era and now moving towards composite era. Petroleum based synthetic fibre reinforced composite are more adoptable in day to day application due to properties that can replace metal. The drawback of synthetic fibre reinforced composite is it's renewability, degradibilty. The ecofriendly alternative to synthetic fibre is Natural fibre. Natural fibres are a promising reinforcement for use in composites on account of its low cost, low density, high specific strength and modulus, no health risk, easy availability in some countries and renewability. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in finding new applications for natural-fibre-reinforced composites that are traditionally used for making ropes, mats, carpets, fancy articles and others. This review presents a summary of recent developments of natural fibre and its composites.

Keywords: Natural Fibres, Composites, Sisal, Rice husk, bamboo, jute.

Abstract: In the present open access deregulated power system market, it is necessary to develop an appropriate pricing scheme that can provide the useful economic information to market participants, such as generation, transmission companies and customers. However, accurately estimating and allocating the transmission cost in the transmission pricing scheme is a challenging task although many methods have been proposed. The objective of this thesis is to introduce a simple transmission pricing scheme using a power flow tracing method, in which transmission service cost, congestion cost and loss cost are considered. Numerical example using a test power system is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the studied method. Electricity tracing can assess the particular impact of a generator or demand on the power system [1]. For each generator, the technique can determine the demands they supply, and likewise, for each demand, the technique can determine the generators who provide physical supply. In addition, the proportion of the total electricity flow in each individual transmission asset can be attributed to either the generators or demands that use the asset. A tracing algorithm has been developed and applied to historic market load flow solutions for each half-hour during the ten year time period, 1999-2008. Results are presented illustrating flow patterns from generators to demand and patterns of transmission asset usage. Continuing trend towards deregulation and unbundling of transmission services has resulted in the need to assess what the impact of a particular generator or load is on the power system. Anew method of tracing the flow of electricity in meshed electrical networks is proposed which may be applied to both real and reactive power flow. The method allows assessment of how much of the real and reactive power output of a particular station goes to a particular load. It also allows the assessment of the contribution of individual generators to individual line flows. The method can be useful in providing additional insight into power system operation and can be used to modify existing tariffs of charging for transmission loss, reactive power and transmission services.

Keywords: Proportional sharing, LMPs, service cost, congestion cost, loss cost.

Abstract: This paper presents the comparative analysis of different properties of both the Recycled Brick Aggregate (RBA) and Granite Aggregate (GA). The results indicate that the crushed clay bricks are suitable to replace the granite aggregate in concrete production. Trial mixes of RBA concrete were prepared by replacing the GA with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% crushed clay bricks by volume. M20 grade of both GA and RBA concretes were prepared and tested to compare the compressive strength. The test results showed that it is possible to produce RBA concrete with characteristics similar to those of GA concrete with 25% replacement.

Keywords: Granite Aggregate, Recycled Brick Aggregate, replacements, concrete.

Abstract: A Study has been conducted evaluate the structural behavior of newly designed labyrinth seals. Structural analysis was performed to understand, evaluate and compare new seals with a baseline straight seal that is typical of commonly used seals in steam turbines. New configurations of labyrinth seal knives were developed for use in steam turbines. The main objective of this study is to develop a better understanding of selected various labyrinth seals that may be configured to minimize the steam leakage and reduce seal interactions with the shaft. Computational fluid dynamic modeling of the various configurations, from a related study, and preliminary structural analysis led new designs to incorporate curvature into knife geometries including a sharp flat free-edge. Two-dimensional linear elastic static structural analysis was performed on a baseline straight labyrinth seal knife and seven different new configurations incorporating flexible geometries like curved seals, using finite element analysis software ANSYS®. Structural behavior of all new seals was evaluated in comparison with the results obtained for the baseline straight seal knife.

Keywords: Curved Labyrinth Seals, Steam Turbines, knife geometries, sharp flat free-edge.

Abstract: Heat transfer and friction correlations are developed for fully developed turbulent flow in rectangular ducts having repeated integral wire ribbed roughness on the absorber plate. Computer program is developed using 'C++' programming language to determine the effect of various wire roughness parameters on heat transfer and friction for flow inside rectangular ducts with roughened absorber. The study covers wide range of different parameters of wire ribbed roughness such as relative roughness pitch (p/e) from 10 to 40, relative roughness height (e/Dh) from 0.01 to 0.04 and angle of attack of flow (a) from 20? to 90?. Flow parameter Reynolds number (Re) is varied from 5,000 to 30,000 and duct aspect ratio (W/B) is varied from 2 to 10. Program can be used for iterative work to identify the optimum parameters of roughness and duct to enhance thermal performance.

Keywords: Heat Transfer; Friction factor; Wire ribbed absorber; Stanton number; Nusselt number; Efficiency index.

Abstract: A protocol was established for mass propagation of Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe. by tissue culture using mature seeds as initial explants inoculated in vitro on solid Knudson C with 0.5 mg/L benzyladenine (BA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (T1). Root calli from the cultured seeds were grown in vitro using solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium with varying concentrations of BA and NAA. Shoot formation was high in 1.0 mg/L BA and NAA (T2) at 140-175 days of culture. Microcuttings were rooted in semi-solid MS medium with different concentrations of NAA and BA. The use of NAA only in semi-solid MS medium at 0.186 mg/L initiated rooting of microcuttings. Plantlets were harvested and transferred to pots with coco coir dust for acclimatization and hardening under greenhouse condition and later grown in the field. Periodic monitoring proved 100% survival of in vitro plantlets under greenhouse and field conditions.

Keywords: Tissue culture, Dillenia philippinensis, in vitro, calli

Abstract: Many private and/or public organizations have been reported to Create and monitor targeted Twitter streams to collect and understand users 'opinions about the organizations. Targeted Twitter stream Is usually constructed by filtering tweets with user de?ned selection criteria (e.g., tweets published by users from as elected region, or tweets that match one or more prede?ned keywords Targeted Twitter Stream is then monitored to collect and understand users' opinions about the organizations. There are an emerging need for early crisis detection and response with such target stream. Such applications require good named entity recognition (NER) system for Twitter, which is able to automatically discover emerging named entities that are potentially linked to the crisis. In this paper, we present an over-step unsupervised NER system for targeted Twitter stream, called Novel-NER. In the ?rst step, it leverages on the global context obtained from Wikipedia and Web N-Gram corpus to partition tweets into valid segments (phrases) using a dynamic programming algorithm. Each such tweet segment is a candidate named entity. It is observed that the named entities in the targeted stream usually exhibit a gregarious property, due to the way the targeted stream is constructed. In the second step, Novel-NER constructs a random walk model to exploit the gregarious property in the local context derived from the Twitter stream. The highly-ranked segments have a higher chance of being true named entities. We evaluated Novel-NER on two sets of real life tweets simulating two targeted streams. Evaluated using labeled ground truth, Novel-NER achieves comparable performance as with conventional approaches in both streams. Various settings of Novel-NER have also been examined to verify our global context +local context combo idea. As well as we are using the Wikipedia& Microsoft N gram with Association & Correlation.

Keywords: Novel-NER constructs a random walk model, global context +local context combo idea

Abstract: With restricted resource of fossil fuels the modern society is leading towards various other natural resources. Geothermal energy is the form of energy which is derived from internal heat of the earth. It is one of cleanest form of energy. People of Rome, China, and Japan are utilising geothermal energy from ancient times where it is manifestated on the earth surface basically for bathing and therapeutic purpose. Depending upon the depth of geothermal source and its temperature it is been utilised for various purposes like for bathing and swimming, agriculture, aquaculture, honey processing etc. This form of energy is used mainly in two ways one as direct utilisation and other as indirect utilisation. This paper elaborates various direct applications of geothermal energy. This paper also includes the worldwide status of direct application for geothermal energy from year 1995 to 2015.

Keywords: Geothermal Energy, Direct application, Ground source heat pump, Aquaculture, Agriculture.

Abstract: The samples of Mg1-xZnxFe2O4 spinel ferrites with (x = 0.0, 0.50 and 1.00) were prepared by ceramic and sol-gel auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used to confirm the single phase formation of samples. The crystallite size (t) was determined using Scherrer's formula and found to be 4 µm and 38 nm for ceramic and sol-gel prepared samples respectively. The lattice constant, unit cell volume, X-ray density of all these structural parameters are obtained from XRD data, shows the strong effect of particle size. The magnetic properties were investigated using pulse field hysteresis loop technique at room temperature. The saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) increases with increase in particle size. Thus, the particle size of the Mg-Zn sample strongly influences the structural and magnetic properties of Mg1-xZnxFe2O4.With the zinc substitution the lattice constant, X-ray density increases whereas magnetic properties are decreased.

Keywords: Nanocrystalline, Magnesium-Zinc, Magnetization, Spinel Ferrite.

Abstract: One of the most important problems in project management is the time-cost trade-off problem (TCTP) that must be taken into consideration during project planning and control process through the use of suitable planning techniques. This study presented a model aims to solve (TCTP) using crashing as a traditional project planning technique and concurrency technique with activities partitioning in addition to new suggested technique that mixes between the two techniques and named as Concurrency-with Partitioning and Crashing Technique (CPCT). The model focuses on minimizing project time and cost and it is applied on an adopted case study. The results show that the suggested (CPCT) produces the best results for the two objectives compared to other applied techniques.

Keywords: project planning; time-cost trade-off problem; multi-technique; crashing technique; concurrency technique.

Abstract: Image processing plays a vital role in the field of biomedical, science, engineering, defence etc. Digital image becomes omnipresent and this desirable change made possible by science. Various steps include image acquisition, image restoration, image enhancement and image segmentation etc. An image signal gets corrupted with noise during acquisition, communication, storage and retrieval processes. It includes various noises like salt & pepper, Gaussian & speckle noise. To remove the noise in digital images we use various filters like mean filter, median filter, LMS adaptive filter and also various techniques. But these techniques can not improve the image quality. So that we use the sparse representation in this we can minimize the difference between the sparse codes of degraded image and the sparse code of unknown original image so that we can improve the performance of sparsity based image restoration. In this we use parameters PSNR, SSIM and noise sigma.

Keywords: Image acquisition, image restoration, image enhancement and image segmentation, parameters PSNR, SSIM and noise sigma.

Abstract: One of the biggest challenges for software developers in the world today is to build real-world applications. Hence to overcome this problem, the PredictionIO, an open source machine learning server is being used, which provides a step-by-step graphical user interface for developers and data scientists. The PredictionIO helps to evaluate, compare and deploy scalable learning algorithms, and also to evaluate model training status. An API also comes with this system to communicate with the software application to perform the events like data collection to send to training model and Prediction Retrieval [3].

Keywords: HBase, Elasticsearch, Scala, Big Data, Data Mining.

Abstract: Many of the food crops after being harvested are sent to processing for further use. During the processing operations, large amount of waste is generated, which needs to be dealt with in a sustainable way. Huge quantities of waste resulting from crop cultivation action and animal waste like manure and poultry droppings are a likely-looking source of energy supply for manufacture, treating and domestic activities in rural areas of the concerned region. The available crop residue and other solid biomass can be used effectively. There is virtually an unlimited potential of bio-energy in our country. Traditional method of waste handling is generation of biogas from it. The residues are introduced into the anaerobic bio-reactor, after that conversion of solid residue into biogas takes place by means of anaerobic microorganisms like Methanogenic bacteria. After the completion of the process the remaining solid waste can be utilized as bio-fertilizers. Both pollution control and energy recovery can be achieved efficiently in bio gas production by anaerobic digestion without intake of any external electron acceptor like oxygen having some limitation in terms of demerits including inhibition problem which has to be overcome by some means. Here in this review paper the intricacies of the anaerobic digestion process, different stages of the process are covered and a summary of the various types of substrates used and the results obtained in each case are reviewed.

Keywords: Biomass, anaerobic digestion, micro-organisms, biogas, methane.

Abstract: Drawing accurate envelopes of a transmittance spectrum is the main factor limiting the accuracy of characterization of one thin film on transmitting substrate specimens, using the method of Swanepoel. An advanced algorithm is proposed for computer drawing accurate envelopes, over the entire spectrum, which takes into account the following issues not considered in the existing algorithms: the wider spectrum for UV/visible/NIR compared to UV/visible spectrophotometers, the absorption in the substrate, and the increasing demand for accuracy in the spectral region of strong absorption in the film. This algorithm uses only one-step smoothing the spectrum, and piecewise cubic Hermite polynomial interpolation which is shown to be superior to cubic spline interpolation for constructing envelopes of such spectra. Boundary points, additional points, and supplementary points are included in the interpolation. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated for two model specimens. Envelopes are also computer drawn for experimental spectra of two specimens of a-Si film on glass substrates.

Keywords: thin film on glass specimen, transmittance spectrum, two envelopes of the spectrum, computer drawing.

Abstract: A generic framework and speci?c techniques to discover once a process changes and to localize the elements of the process that have modified. Totally different options are projected to characterize relationships among activities. These options are wont to discover variations between serial populations. The drift might even be periodic (e.g., due to seasonal in?uences) or one-of-a-kind (e.g., the results of latest legislation). Projecting the information onto a random lower-dimensional mathematical space yields results love standard spatial property reduction ways like principal part analysis: the similarity of knowledge vectors is preserved well below random projection. Random projections (RP) is computationally signi?cantly more cost-effective than mistreatment, e.g., principal part analysis. RP employing a distributed random matrix provides extra machine savings in random projection.

Keywords: Concept drift, ?exibility, hypothesis tests, random projection, dimensionality reduction, image data, text document data, high-dimensional data.

Abstract: Over the past decade there has been intense scientific work on autonomous sailing robots. As hardware gets smaller, cheaper and also better performing the possibilities increase for autonomous vessels. Recently there is a lot of research going on with the aim of reducing CO2 emissions. Smart sailing robot fit perfectly into these ambitions. A robotic sailboat is able to autonomously navigate towards any given target without human control or intervention. The optimal route is calculated dependent on strategic goals and weather parameters. Rudder and sails are autonomously controlled in order to keep course and to execute maneuvers like tack and jibe. As sailboats operate in a highly dynamic, environment an autonomous sailboat has to respond quickly to ever-changing environmental conditions. Incoming data from sensors (GPS, compass, etc.) have to be analyzed permanently by intelligent control mechanisms. The best routing decision, perfect handling of ever changing wind conditions and perfect timing during tack and jibe are some of the skills an autonomous sailing vessel has to master.

Keywords: Aurdino, Zigbee, Bluetooth module, GPS, Ultrasonic sensor, IR Sensor, Accelerometer, Waterproof dc servomotors, Battery.

Abstract: As Per Study it is estimated that nearly One-third of India's population lives on the coastal region and is dependent on its resources. As The Parsis Religion pray Fire, seashore water and Well water because of this religions The Heritage Town Udwada is popular of Parsis. The Udwada Atash Behram, also known as the Iran Shah, "King of Iran", is one of the eight fire temples of the Zoroastrian religion located in Udwada in the Indian state of Gujarat on the west coast of India. In that Coastal Shoreline erosion, storm surges and extreme events have resulted in severe loss of human life, damage to ecosystems and to property along the coast of India. Study is to be carried out in the Udwada region of Gujarat reveal's over the low-lying coastal zone, which has suffered significant erosion from the last Few Year. The study of Udwada coast directly supports the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Plan of the Gujarat State by this the identification and assessment of coastal hazards and the overall vulnerability to coastal flooding and erosion occurs. Thus the key results from this study can be used to save Heritage Property and the Development of Udwada and also can step toward mapping the hazard line for the entire coast of India which will help in protecting human lives and property living near the coastal areas of India.

Keywords: Coastal Erosion, Shoreline, Currents, Effect of Tide on Udwada Coastal.

Abstract: Silos are the stack-like structures that are more commonly used for bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust. As the density, flow and friction properties of stored material vary, the loads applied on silo structure and associated load carrying system also vary. In this paper reinforced concrete silo supported with shear walls and supported on only columns are considered with same dimensions. These two silos are modeled using Finite Element Method package software SAP 2000. These are molded for the soil type II situated in the zone II when silo is empty, partially filled and fully filled with storage material. In this thesis reinforced concrete silo supported with shear walls and supported on only columns are considered with same dimensions. These two silos are modeled using Finite Element Method package software SAP2000. These are molded for the soil type II situated in the zone II for different types of filling conditions viz: Silo fully filled with storage material, Silo half filled with storage material and Silo without storage material. These models are analysed for different load combination according to IS1893 (Part-I):2002 and then response of reinforced concrete silo with shear wall and without shear walls has been determined in terms of Time period. The results reveal the effect of stored material on non-linear seismic behavior of Reinforced Concrete Silo.

Keywords: Storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust.

Abstract: Now-a-days software development firms are adopting agile methodologies. Agile represents a group of software engineering methodologies which promise to deliver increased productivity, quality and project success rate overall in software development projects. The outline of Agile Methodologies was laid down by the Agile Manifesto, published by a group of software practitioners. This paper discusses two of the important agile methodologies Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM) and Adaptive Software Development (ASD).

Keywords: Agile Manifesto; Agile software development; Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM) and Adaptive Software Development (ASD).

Abstract: Emission of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is gaining considerable importance in present-day scenario as they are ubiquitous and some of them are having carcinogenic and mutagenic potency to human's health. Though PAH has few natural sources like forest fires, volcanic eruption etc. but major emission of PAHs are directly linked with urbanization, industrialization and vehicular emission. Both rural and urban environment, PAHs has significant contribution to contaminate the ambient air. Recent interest has centered to identify and quantify of PAHs in soil, water and air environment, identify their emission sources through various approaches and to evaluate their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity to humans health. The approaches distinguish anthropogenic multiple emission sources of PAHs like from petroleum combustion, diesel combustion, coal combustion industrial emission and biomass burning. This paper deals with concentrations of ambient PAHs, their emission sources and total carcinogenic and mutagenic potential risk to human's health.

Keywords: PAHs diagnostic ratios; Carcinogenicity; Mutagenicity; Air toxic.

Abstract: In this paper, we present a carry skip adder (CSKA) structure that has a higher speed yet lower energy consumption compared with the conventional one. The speed enhancement is achieved by applying concatenation and incremination schemes to improve the efficiency of the conventional CSKA (Conv-CSKA) structure. In addition, instead of utilizing multiplexer logic, the proposed structure makes use of AND-OR-Invert (AOI) and OR-AND-Invert (OAI) compound gates for the skip logic. The structure may be realized with both fixed stage size and variable stage size styles, wherein the latter further improves the speed and energy parameters of the adder. The speed improvement was achieved by using variable size blocks; parallel prefix adders in the nucleus stage finally, a hybrid variable latency extension of the proposed structure, which lowers the power consumption without considerably impacting the speed. CI-CSKA has been synthesized using the XILINX ISE DESIGN SUITE 14.3 tool for Spartan3E family, the XC3S500E device with a speed grade of -5. Simulations on the variable latency CSKA show on average of 40% improvement in the delay.

Keywords: Carry skips adder (CSKA), energy efficient, high performance, hybrid variable latency adders, concatenation and incrementation (CI-CSKA).

Abstract: Sustainability, energy efficiency and green architecture etc. are some terms frequently used due to the growing concerns of the depleting energy resources. Some groups are actively engaged in trying to work towards it, while most others are blissfully ignoring these environmental concerns and going ahead without considering the impact their actions are having on the environment. But to address it to the ever evolving modern lifestyle, which wouldn't prefer using a simple mud house over a well-built concrete structure, is the real concern.The objective of this paper is to focus on the importance of the revival of Assam type Architecture or 'Ikora Style', with adaptation to modern context and technology. The methodology for the paper would be to select an area in Kamrup district and collect the general features of an Assam Type house and its benefits. This will be supported by the study of how it has sustained over the years; and the negative impact its dismissal is creating on the environment. The reason behind its prolonged sustainable existence being it is climate responsive and seismic resistance. An assessment on the prospects and problems with Assam Type Architecture are discussed.

Keywords: Assam type Architecture, Sustainable concepts, Climatic design, Seismic resistance.

Abstract: The use of flying machines powered by the sun is even mentioned in Indian Vedic literature. In the twentyfirst century, we have come a long way in developing solar cells, which are the devices that will power our future by converting the sun's energy into electricity. This project is about using non-conventional energy, such as solar energy, to charge mobile batteries. Solar chargers are simple, portable, and ready-to-use devices that anyone, especially in remote areas, can use. Solar panels do not provide regulated voltage, which batteries require for charging. To achieve the desired constant voltage, an external adjustable voltage regulator is used. Because it is impossible to charge mobile batteries everywhere at all times, we designed this mobile charger to charge mobile batteries anytime, anywhere. In this paper, we use the concept of energy harvesting to charge batteries using solar energy. We can use it to charge our mobile batteries in remote areas where there is no electricity. The cost of this circuitry can be reduced to a point where the average person can afford it and benefit from it. As nonrenewable energy sources deplete on the planet, renewable energy sources must be incorporated for daily needs. Mobile phones have become such an important part of daily life that they must be charged at all times. This paper proposes a system for charging mobile phones that is powered by solar energy.

Keywords: Renewable energy, solar energy, mobile phones, battery, low voltage devices, Power Electronics, Energy Crisis, Power Failure, Solar Charger, Comparator.